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林肯演說詞范文

2022-05-23

第一篇:林肯演說詞范文

林肯葛底斯堡演說詞

葛底斯堡演說詞——亞伯拉罕·林肯

(這是林肯1863年11月19[4]日在葛底斯堡陣亡將士公墓落成儀式上發表的演說,是公認的英語演講的最高典范。)

八十七年前,我們的先輩在這個大陸上建立起一個

葛底斯堡演說

嶄新的國家。這個國家以自由為理想,奉行所有人生來平等的原則。

我們正在進行一場偉大的國內戰爭。我們的國家或任何一個有著同樣理想與目標的國家能否長久存在,這次戰爭是一場考驗?,F在我們——在這場戰爭的一個偉大戰場上——聚會在一起,將這戰場上的一小塊土地奉獻給那些為國家生存而英勇捐軀的人們,作為他們最后的安息之地。我們這樣做是完全適當的、應該的。

然而,從深一層的意義上說來,我們沒有能力奉獻這塊土地,沒有能力使這塊土地變得更為神圣。因為在這里進行過斗爭的、活著的和已經死去的勇士們,已經使這塊土地變得這樣圣潔,我們的微力已不足以對它有所揚抑。我今天在這里說的話,也許世人不會注意也不會記住,但是這些英雄的業績,人們會永世不忘。

我們后來者應該做的,是獻身于英雄們曾在此為之奮斗、努力推進但尚未完成的工作。我們應該獻身于他們遺留給我們的偉大任務。我們的先烈已將自己的全部精誠賦予我們的事業,我們應從他們的榜樣中汲取更多的精神力量,決心使他們的鮮血不至白流。在上帝的護佑下,我們的國家將獲得自由的新生。我們這個民有、民治、民享的政府將永存于世上。

英文版

The Gettysburg Address

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania November 19, 1863 -Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. -Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives. That nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. -But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. -It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before usthat cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotionthat these dead shall not have died in vainand that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (By Abraham Lincoln)

第二篇:林肯總統葛提斯堡演說詞

背景知識

美國在1776年獨立,脫離英國的管治,不足一百年間,已發展成一個超級大國。

由于國土遼闊,南北之間的分歧亦大。

美國北方依靠工商業,要求提高關稅以保護他們產品的市場;南方依靠農業,需要自由貿易制度,以便他們的棉花、煙草和大米賣到歐洲各國。

但雙方更大的分歧在于是否解放黑奴。

1860年,林肯(Abraham Lincoln) 當選美國總統,盡管南方人也認同林肯的看法,奴隸制最終要從地球上消失,但黑奴種植棉花為他們帶來經濟繁榮,他們害怕改變。

南方炮兵于1861年4月12日首先開火,美國開始了持續四年的內戰。 內戰的其中一次主要戰役,發生于首都華盛頓附近的蓋提斯堡,林肯總統在紀念陣亡士兵的儀式上,向在場的一萬人發表了著名的「蓋提斯堡演說」(Gettysburg Address),鼓勵人民為人人平等的民主原則而戰,時維1863年11月19日。

林肯在1865年3月第二度當選美國總統,六個星期后,他在劇院遇刺,一顆子彈射穿他的大腦,他倒下了。這一年,林肯56歲。

林肯不僅是美國史上最偉大的總統,而且是偉大的演說家。 他的演說充滿魅力,文采精煉,是傳世的文學作品。 《林肯傳》譯文:

林肯葛提斯堡演說詞

八十七年以前,我們的先輩們在這個大陸上創立了一個新的國家,它孕育于自由之中,奉行一切人生來平等的原則。

現在,我們正從事一場偉大的內戰,以考驗這個國家,或者說考驗任何一個孕育于自由和奉行上述原則的國家是否能夠長久存在下去。

我們在這場戰爭中的一個偉大戰場上集會。烈士們為了使這個國家能夠生存下去而獻出了自己的生命。我們在此集會,是為了把這個戰場的一部分奉獻給他們作為最后安息之所。

我們這樣做是完全應該而且非常恰當的。

但是,從更廣泛的意義上來說,這塊土地我們不能夠奉獻。我們不能夠圣化,我們不能夠神化。曾在這里戰斗過的勇士們,活著的和去逝的,已經把這塊土地神圣化了。這遠不是我們微薄的力量所能增減的。

全世界將很少注意到,也不會長期地記起我們今天在這里所說的話,但全世界永遠不會忘記勇士們在這里所做過的事。

無寧說,倒是我們這些還活著的人,應該把自己奉獻給勇士們,已經如此崇高地先前推進但尚未完成的事業。倒是我們應該在這里把自己奉獻于仍然留在我們面前的偉大任務,以便使我們從這些光榮的死者吸取更多的獻身精神,來完成那種他們已經完全徹底為之獻身的事業;

以便使國家在上帝的福佑下得到自由的新生,并且使這個民有,民治,民享的政府永世長存。

The Gettysburg Address Abraham Lincoln 19 November 1863 Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fit and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicatewe cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before usthat this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedomwe cannot consecrate - we cannot hallow this ground. Dedicate和consecrate既押韻、同為三音節、也都是奉獻的意思,可見林肯用字的心思。

林肯這篇演講最為人津津樂道的是最后一句 ︰that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from this earth. 孫中山先生將of the people, by the people, for the people轉化成三民主義,即民族、民權、民生。這些英文翻譯成中文不容易,但英文本身卻是如此淺白,以致美國人一聽即難以忘懷。

聽完林肯的演講,如果我們在寫求職信的時候,也 用上dedicated這個字眼,在信末加一句Should I have the honour of becoming an employee of this Company, I shall remain dedicated to my career and to the Company. 相信你的未來雇主也會另眼相看!

第三篇:林肯總統在蓋茨堡演說講詞中英對照版

林肯總統在蓋茨堡演說講詞的中英對照版

本文為林肯總統在蓋茨堡(Gettysburg)所作的一場演說講詞,全文僅272字、10句話、不到2分鐘,卻是美國史上最偉大的演說之一,那也曾被我國選為高中職英文課本教材,許多人應都背誦過。同學可按此超連結播放講詞錄音,一邊聽一邊閱讀底下文字,將可有另一番領會,最好可一起唸出來,如此可幫助學習。這個講詞架構完整、文字優美、理念深遠,推薦給同學細細品味文字背後所傳遞的高雅價值。

The Gettysburg Address

Four score and seven years1 ago our fathers brought forth2 on this continent, a new nation, conceived3 in liberty, and dedicated4to the proposition5 that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged6 in a great civil war7, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion8 of that field9, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives10 that that nation might live.11 It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate12 -- we can not hallow13 -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.14 The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause15 for which they gave the last full measure16 of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall notperish17 from the earth.

蓋茨堡演講詞

八十七年前,我們的祖先在這片大陸上建立了一個新的國家,它孕育於自由,並且獻身給一種理念,即所有人都是生來平等的。 現在,我們正在經歷一場意義重大的內戰,考驗著這個國家,或任何一個有

這種主張和這種信仰的國家,能否長久存在。我們此刻一同聚集在戰爭的一個大戰場上。我們來到這裡,奉獻戰場上的一部分土地,作為在此為國家的生存而犧牲了自己生命的人永久眠息之所。我們應該這樣做,那十分合情合理。 然而,就更宏觀的意義而言,我們無從奉獻這片土地——無從使它成為聖

地——也不可能把它變為人們景仰之所。那些在此奮戰的勇士,活著的和死去的,早已使這塊土地神聖化,遠高於我們的菲薄能力所能增減的境地。世人將鮮少注意,也不會久記我們在此所說的話語,然而世界將永遠緬懷這些勇士在這裡的事蹟。更甚者,我們仍在世的人應繼續獻身、接續那些曾在此奮戰的人們英勇崇高地推動而尚未完成的工作。我們應該在此獻身於餘留在眼前的偉大工作——由於他們的光榮犧牲,我們要更堅定地致力於他們全力盡瘁的那份事業——我們在此堅定立志,不能讓他們白白犧牲——要使這個國家在上帝的庇佑之下,得到新生的自由——要使「民有、民治、民享」的政府永世長存。 (以上中譯文字編修自美國在臺協會官方網站) 針對同學可能遇到的詞彙,補充說明如下:

註1. score:二十,因此「four score and seven」即為「四個二十又七」,亦即87。這樣的表述方式類似我們在自己的母語中偶而會講”一甲子之前…”,風格類似。

註2. bring forth:產生、建造。

註3. conceive:孕育、設想、懷抱著…想法。

例:Who first conceived the idea of building nuclear power plants? 是誰第一個想到建造核電廠? 例:She conceives love for the children. 她愛這些孩子。 註4. dedicate:奉獻(身)或把(時間、精力等)用於(+to)。 註5. proposition:主張、論點。 註6. engage:使從事、聘雇、與...交戰、佔用(時間、精力等)、使訂婚。 例:He was busily engaged in painting the furniture.他忙於油漆傢俱。 例:They engaged a cook for the summer. 那個夏天他們雇了一個廚子。 例:The book engaged my full attention. 這本書把我完全吸引住了。

註7. civil war 內戰。Civil的字意為:公民的、民用的,民事的,意思甚廣。譬如:civil rights為公民權;civil engineering為土木工程;而civil status可指婚姻狀態(單身或已婚),相當於marital status。

註8. portion:(一)部分,也可當動詞使用,意為把...分成多份、分配[(+out)。另需與proportion區分不同使用方式。

例:He was hungry and ordered two portions of roast chicken. 他很餓,因而叫了兩份烤雞。

例:She portioned out the cake, so everyone had a piece. 她將蛋糕切成多塊,每人可得一份。

註9. field:原野、田地、(戰)場、(遼闊的大片)地、實地、野外,意思甚廣。例如:field trip指實地考察旅行(配合正課到校外作參訪式旅行可用)。field trial常用於新技術或服務即將上線、提供大規模使用之前,所作的實地測試。 註10. 此為life的複數形式(請注意讀法),意指許多人的生命。

註11. 這邊連續使用二個that並非筆誤;第一個that為關係連接詞,而第二個that為形容詞,與跟在其後的nation形成語意上的一個單元。整個子句「that that nation might live」係用以修飾that之前的lives,可將lives視為nation might live的受詞。舉個例子,我們可說“They live lives of luxury”(他們過著奢華的生活/生命),在這此例中,lives為live的受詞。同學們注意此例中的lives與live的關係與功能,再回過頭來看原演講文,應即能掌握到整句話的意涵。 註12. consecrate:奉...為神聖、尊崇、現身致力於…。 例:She consecrated her life to art. 她獻身於藝術。

註13. hallo:使神聖、把…視為神聖、崇敬…(類似consecrate)。 註14. detract:減損、降低。

例:The scandal will not detract from his fame. 這個醜聞無損於他的名聲。 註15. cause:原因、起因、動機、目標(理想、事業)。

例:World peace is a cause we should all work for. 世界和平是一項我們都應該為之而努力的事業。

註16. measure:此當名詞用,意為尺寸、分量、(判斷等的)基準、尺度、程度、限度、分寸。

例:I feel a measure of compassion for her. 我對她懷有一定程度的同情。 註17. perish:消滅、卒亡、枯萎、腐爛,亦可當及物動詞或解作「麻痺」。 例:Hundreds of people perished in the earthquake. 數百人在那場地震中喪生。 例:Flowers perish in frost. 花毀於霜凍。

例:Oil on your car tires will perish them. 車胎上的油會毀損車胎。 例:I was perished with cold. 我被凍僵了。 編按:

蓋茨堡演說中的部分理念被其他國家引用,也啟發孫中山先生的三民主義思想。演講的時間雖短,但準備的時間通常很長。有時候講者得花上一整天準備僅5分鐘的講詞。另一經典例子是美國國父華盛頓先生所作的就職總統演說,全文僅133字,亦常被引用。

林肯幼年生長於西部拓荒者的家庭,僅受過約一年的正規教育,但他一直熱衷於學習,辛苦自學出身,青年時期即有高大的體格,具律師背景,這是大家熟知的。他與夫人Mary Todd Lincoln有四位子女,然其中三個孩子先後夭折,這對林肯夫婦造成重大打擊。文獻提及他本身是一位慈愛但無法經常陪伴子女的父親 (“He was an affectionate, though often absent, husband and father of four children.”)。

第四篇:林肯總統就職演說

林肯總統第一次就職演說(1861年3月4日)

林肯

[學術交流網按:林肯是美國人民和政治家推崇的偉大人物之一,他的維護國家同意,反對分裂的主張,反對擴張奴隸制的主張尤其受到廣泛贊揚。自2005年3月1日起發布林肯總統有關維護國家統

一、反對分裂的演說、信件、咨文的內容。] 合眾國的同胞們: 1861年3月4日

按照一個和我們的政府一樣古老的習慣,我現在來到諸位的面前,簡單地講幾句話,并在你們的面前,遵照合眾國憲法規定一個總統在他“到職視事之前”必須宣誓的儀式,在大家面前宣誓。

我認為沒有必要在這里來討論并不特別令人憂慮和不安的行政方面的問題。

在南方各州人民中似乎存在著一種恐懼心理。他們認為,隨著共和黨政府的執政,他們的財產,他們的和平生活和人身安全都將遭到危險。這種恐懼是從來沒有任何事實根據的。說實在的,大量相反的證據倒是一直存在,并隨時可以供他們檢查的。那種證據幾乎在現在對你們講話的這個人公開發表的每一篇演說中都能找到。這里我只想引用其中的一篇,在那篇演說中我曾說,“我完全無意,對已經存在奴隸制的各州的這一制度,進行直接或間接的干涉。我深信我根本沒有合法權利那樣做,而且我無此意圖。”那些提名我并選舉我的人都完全知道,我曾明確這么講過,并且還講過許多類似的話,而且從來也沒有收回過我已講過的這些話。不僅如此,他們還在綱領中,寫進了對他們和對我來說,都具有法律效力的一項清楚明白、不容含糊的決議讓我接受。這里我來對大家談談這一決議:

“決議,保持各州的各種權利不受侵犯,特別是各州完全憑自己的決斷來安排和控制本州內部各種制度的權利不受侵犯,乃是我們的政治結構賴以完善和得以持久的權力均衡的至為重要的因素;我們譴責使用武裝力量非法入侵任何一個州或準州的土地,這種入侵不論使用什么借口,都是最嚴重的罪行。”

我現在重申這些觀點:而在這樣做的時候,我只想提請公眾注意,最能對這一點提出確切證據的那就是全國任何一個地方的財產、和平生活和人身安全決不會在任何情況下,由于即將上任的政府而遭到危險。這里我還要補充說,各州只要符合憲法和法律規定,合法地提出保護要求,政府便一定會樂于給予保護,不管是出于什么原因一一而且對任何一個地方都一視同仁。

有一個爭論得很多的問題是,關于逃避服務或引渡從勞役中逃走的人的問題。我現在要宣讀的條文,也和任何有關其它問題的條款一樣,明明白白寫在憲法之中:

“凡根據一個州的法律應在該州于服務或從事勞役的人,如逃到另一州,一律不得按照這一州的法律或條例,使其解除該項服務或勞役,而必,須按照有權享有該項服務或勞役當事人的要求,將其引渡。”

毫無疑問,按照制訂這一條款的人的意圖,此項規定實際指的就是,對我們所說的逃亡奴隸有權索回;而法律制訂人的這一意圖實際已成為法律。國會的所有議員都曾宣誓遵守憲法中的一切條款——對這一條和其它各條并無兩樣。因此,關于適合這一條款規定的奴隸應 1 “將其引渡”這一點,他們的誓言是完全一致的。那么現在如果他們心平氣和地作一番努力,他們難道不能以幾乎同樣完全一致的誓言,制訂一項法律,以使他們的共同誓言得以實施嗎? 究竟這一條款應該由國家當局,還是由州當局來執行,大家的意見還不完全一致;但可以肯定地說,這種分歧并不是什么十分重要的問題。只要奴隸能被交還,那究竟由哪一個當局來交還,對奴隸或對別的人來說,沒有什么關系。任何人,在任何情況下,也決不會因為應以何種方式來實?,F他的誓言這樣一個無關緊要的爭執,他便會認為完全可以不遵守自己的誓言吧? 另外,在任何有關這一問題的法律中,應不應該把文明和人道法學中關于自由的各項保證都寫上,以防止在任何情況下使一個自由人被作為奴隸交出嗎?同時,憲法中還有一條規定,明確保證“每一州的公民都享有其它各州公民所享有公民的一切特權和豁免權”,我們用法律保證使這一條文得以執行,那不是更好嗎? 我今天在這里正式宣誓,思想上決無任何保留,也決無意以任何過于挑剔的標準來解釋憲法或法律條文。我現在雖不打算詳細指出國會的哪些法令必須要遵照執行;但我建議,我們大家,不論以個人身份還是以公職人員的身份,為了有更多的安全,我們最好服從并遵守現在還沒有廢除的一切法令,而不要輕易相信可以指之為不合憲法,便可以逃脫罪責,而對它們公然違反。

自從第一任總統根據國家憲法宣誓就職以來,七十二年已經過去了。在這期間,十五位十分杰出的公民相繼主持過政府的行政部門。他們引導著它度過了許多艱難險阻;一般都獲得極大的成功。然而,盡管有這么多可供參考的先例,我現在將在憲法所規定的短短四年任期中來擔任這同一任務,卻.面臨著巨大的非同一般的困難。在此以前,分裂聯邦只是受到了威脅,而現在卻是已出現力圖分裂它的可怕行動了。

從一般法律和我們的憲法來仔細考慮,我堅信,我們各州組成的聯邦是永久性的。在一切國民政府的根本大法中永久性這一點,雖不一定寫明,卻是不言而喻的。我們完全可以肯定說,沒有一個名副其實的政府會在自己的根本法中定出一條,規定自己完結的期限。繼續執行我國憲法所明文規定的各項條文,聯邦便將永遠存在下去——除了采取并未見之于憲法的行動,誰也不可能毀滅掉聯邦。

還有,就算合眾國并不是個名副其實的政府,而只是依靠契約成立的一個各州的聯合體,那既有契約的約束,若非參加這一契約的各方一致同意,我們能說取消就把它取消嗎?參加訂立契約的一方可以違約,或者說毀約;但如果合法地取消這一契約,豈能不需要大家一致同意嗎? 從這些總原則出發,我們發現,從法學觀點來看,聯邦具有永久性質的提法,是為聯邦自身的歷史所證實的。聯邦本身比憲法更為早得多。事實上,它是由1774年,簽訂的《聯合條款》建立的。到1776年的《獨立宣言》才使它進一步成熟和延續下來。然后,通過1778年的“邦聯條款”使它更臻成熟,當時參加的十三個州便已明確保證要使邦聯永久存在下去。最后,到1787年制訂的憲法公開宣布的目的之一,便是“組建一個更為完美的聯邦”。 但是,如果任何一個州,或幾個州也可以合法地把聯邦給取消掉,加這個聯邦可是比它在憲法制訂以前還更不完美了,因為它已失去了它的一個至關重要因素——永久性。 從這些觀點我們可以認定,任何一個州,都不可能僅憑自己動議,便能合法地退出聯邦——而任何以此為目的的決議和法令在法律上都是無效的;至于任何一州或幾州的反對合眾國當

2 局的暴力行為,都可以依據具體情況視為叛亂或革命行為。

因此我認為,從憲法和法律的角度來看,聯邦是不容分裂的;我也將竭盡全力,按照憲法明確賦于我的責任,堅決負責讓聯邦的一切法令在所有各州得以貫徹執行。這樣做,我認為只是履行我應負的簡單職責;只要是可行的,我就一定要履行它,除非我的合法的主人美國人民,收回賦予我的不可缺少的工具,或行使他們的權威,命令我采取相反的行動。我相信我這話決不會被看成是一種恫嚇,而只會被看作實現聯邦已公開宣布的目的,它必將按照憲法保衛和維持它自己的存在。

要做到這一點并不需要流血或使用暴力,除非有人把它強。加于國家當局,否則便決不會發生那種情況。賦予我的權力將被用來保持、占有和掌管屬于政府的一切財產和土地。征收各種稅款和關稅;但除開為了這些目的確有必要這外,決不會有什么入侵問題——決不會在任何地方對人民,或在人民之間使用武力。任何內地,即使對聯邦政府的敵對情緒已十分嚴重和普遍,以致妨害有能力的當地公民執行聯邦職務的時候,政府也決不會強制派進令人厭惡的外來人去擔任這些職務。盡管按嚴格的法律規定,政府有權強制履行這些職責,但一定要那樣做,必然非常使人不愉快,也幾乎不切實際,所以我認為最好還是暫時先把這些職責放一放。

郵政,除非遭到拒收,仍將在聯邦全境運作。在可能的情況下,一定要讓各地人民,都享有完善的安全感,這十分有利于冷靜思索和反思。我在這里所講的這些方針必將奉行,除非當前事態和實際經驗表明修改或改變方針是合適的。對任何一個事件和緊急問題,我一定會根據當時出現的具體形勢謹慎從事,期望以和平手段解決國內糾紛,力圖恢復兄弟愛手足情。

至于說某些地方總有些人不顧一切一心想破壞聯邦,并不惜以任何借口圖謀不軌,我不打算肯定或否定;如果確有這樣一些人,我不必要再對他們講什么。但對那些真正熱愛聯邦的人,我不可以講幾句嗎? 在我們著手研究如此嚴重的一件事情之前,那就是要把我們的國家組織連同它的一切利益,一切記憶和一切希望全給消滅掉,難道明智的做法不是先仔細研究一下那樣做究竟是為了什么?當事實上極有可能你企圖逃避的禍害并不存在的時候,你還會不顧一切采取那種貽害無窮的步驟嗎?或者你要逃避的災禍雖確實存在,而在你逃往的地方卻有更大的災禍在等著你;那你會往那里逃嗎?你會冒險犯下如此可怕的一個錯誤嗎? 大家都說,如果憲法中所規定的一切權利都確實得到執行,那他也就會留在聯邦里。那么,真有什么如憲法申明文規定的權利被否定了嗎?我想沒有。很幸運,人的頭腦是這樣構造出來的,沒有一個黨敢于如此冒天下之大不韙。如果可能,請你們講出哪怕是一個例子來,說明有什么憲法中明文規定的條款是沒有得到執行的。如果多數派完全靠人數上的優勢,剝奪掉少數派憲法上明文規定的權利,這件事從道義的角度來看,也許可以說革命是正當的——如果被剝奪的是極為重要的權利,那革命就肯定無疑是合理行動。但我們的情況卻并非如此。少數派和個人的一切重要權利,在憲法中,通過肯定和否定、保證和禁令;都一一向他們作了明確保證,以致關于這類問題,從來也沒有引起過爭論。但是,在制訂基本法時卻不可能對實際工作中出現的任何問題,都一一寫下可以立即加以應用的條文。再高明的預見也不可能料定未來的一切,任何長度適當的文件也不可能包容下針對一切可能發生的問題的條文。逃避勞役的人到底應該由聯邦政府交還還是由州政府交還呢?憲法上沒有具體規定。國會可以在準州禁止奴隸制嗎?憲法沒有具體規定。國會必須保護準州的奴隸制嗎?憲法也沒有具體規定。

從這類問題中引出了我們對憲法問題的爭端,并因這類問題使我們分成了多數派和少數派。如果少數派不肯默認,多數派便必須默認,否則政府便只好停止工作了。再沒有任何別的路可走;要讓政府繼續行使職權,便必須要這一方或那一方默認。在這種情況下,如果一

3 個少數派寧可脫離也決不默認,那他們也就開創將來必會使他們分裂和毀滅的先例;因為,當多數派拒絕接受這樣一個少數派的控制的時候,他們中的少數派便必會從他們之中再脫離出去。比如說,一個新的聯盟的任何一部分,在一兩年之后,為什么就不會像現在的聯邦中的一些部分堅決要脫離出去一樣,執意要從從那個新聯盟中脫離出去。所有懷著分裂聯邦思想的人現在都正接受著分裂思想的教育。難道要組成一個新聯邦的州,它們的利益竟會是那樣完全一致,它們只會有和諧,而不會再出現脫離行動嗎? 非常清楚,脫離的中心思想實質就是無政府主義。一個受著憲法的檢查和限制的約束,總是隨著大眾意見和情緒的慎重變化而及時改變的多數派,是自由人民的唯一真正的統治者。誰要想排斥他們,便必然走向無政府主義或專制主義。完全一致是根本不可能的;把少數派的統治作為一種長期安排是完全不能接受的,所以,一旦排斥了多數原則,剩下的便只有某種形式的無政府主義或某專制主義了。

我沒有忘記某些人的說法,認為憲法問題應該由最高法院來裁決。我也不否認這種裁決,在任何情況下,對訴訟各萬,以及訴訟目的,完全具有約束力,而且在類似的情況中,—應受到政府的一切其它部門高度的尊重和重視。盡管非常明顯,這類裁決在某一特定案例中都很可能會是錯誤的,然而,這樣隨之而來的惡果總只限于該特定案件,同時裁決還有機會被駁回,不致成為以后判案的先例,那這種過失比起其它的過失來當然更讓人容易忍受。同時,正直的公民必須承認,如果政府在有關全體人民利害的重大問題的政策,都得由最高法院的裁決,作出決定那一旦對個人之間的一般訴訟作出裁決時,人民便已不再是自己的主人,而達到了將他們的政府交給那個高于一切的法庭的地步了。我這樣說,決無意對法院或法官表示不滿。一件案子按正常程序送到他們面前,對它作出正當裁決,是他們的不可推卸的責任;如果別的人硬要把他們的判決用來達到政治目的,那并不是他們的過錯。

我國有一部分人相信奴隸制是正確的。應該擴展,而另一部分人又相信它是錯誤的,不應該擴展。這是唯一的實質性的爭執,憲法中有關逃亡奴隸的條款,以及制止對外奴隸貿易的法

律,在一個人民的道德觀念并不支持該法的,社會里,它們的執行情況也許不次于任何一項法律所能達到的程度。在兩種情況下,絕大多數的人都遵守枯燥乏味的法律義務,但又都有少數人不聽那一套。關于這一點,我想,要徹底解決是根本不可能的;如果寸巴兩個地區分離。以后,情況只會更壞。對外奴隸貿易現在并未能完全加以禁止,最后在一個地區中必將全面恢復;對于逃亡奴隸,在另一個地區,現在送回的只是一部分,將來會完全不肯交出來了。

就自然條件而言,我們是不能分離的。我們決不能把我們的各個地區相互搬開,也不可能在它們之間修建起一道無法逾越的高墻。一對夫妻可以離婚,各走各的路,彼此再不見面。但我們國家的各部分可無法這么辦。它們只能面對面相處,友好也罷。仇視也罷,他們仍必須彼此交往。我們維道能有任何辦法使得這種交往在分離之后,比分離:之前更為有利,更為令,人滿意嗎?難道在外人之間訂立條約,比在朋友之間制訂法律還更為容易嗎?難道在外人之間履行條約,比在朋友之間按法律辦事還更忠實嗎?就算你們決定。訴諸戰爭,你們,總不能永遠打下去吧;最后當兩敗俱傷而雙方都一無所獲時,你們停止戰斗,那時依照什么條件相互交往,這同一個老問題仍會照樣擺在你們面前了。

這個國家,連同它的各種機構,都屬于居住在這里的人民。任何時候,他們對現存政府感到厭倦了,他們可以行使他們的憲法權利,改革這個政府,或者行使他們的革命權利解散它或者推翻它。我當然知道,現在就有許多尊貴的、愛國的公民極于想修訂我們的憲法。盡管我自己不會那么建議,我卻也完全承認他們在這個問題上的合法權利,承認他們可以按照憲法所規定的兩種方式中的任何一種來行使這種權利;而且,在目前情況下,我不但不反對,而倒是贊成給人民一個公正的機會讓他們去行動。

4 我還不禁要補充一點,在我看來,采取舉行會議的方式似乎更好一些,這樣可以使修訂方案完全由人民自己提出,而不是只讓他們去接受或拒絕一些并非特別為此目的而選出的一些人提出的方案,因為也可能那些方案恰恰并不是他們愿意接受或拒絕的。我了解到現在已有人提出一項憲法修正案——這修正案我并沒有看到,但在國會中已經通過了,大意說,聯邦政府將永遠不再干涉各州內部制度,包括那些應服勞役者的問題。為了使我講的話不致被誤解,我現在改變我不談具體修正案的原來的打算,明確聲明,這樣一個條款,既然現在可能列入憲法,我不反對使它成為明確而不可改動的條文。

合眾國總統的一切權威都來之于人民,人民并沒有授于他規定條件讓各州脫離出去的權力。人民自己如果要那樣干,那自然也是可以的;可是現在的行政當局不能這樣做。他的職責,是按照他接任時的樣子管理這個政府,然后,毫無損傷地再移交給他的繼任者。 我們為什么不能耐心地堅決相信人民的最終的公道呢?難道在整個世界上還有什么更好的,或與之相等的希望嗎?在我們今天的分歧中,難道雙方不都是認為自己正確嗎?如果萬國的全能統治者,以他的永恒的真理和公正,站在你們北方一邊,或你們南方一邊,那么,依照美國人民這一偉大法官的判決,真理和公正必將勝利。

按照目前我們生活其下的現政府的構架,我國人民十分明智;授于他們的公仆的胡作非為的權力是微乎其微的;而且同樣還十分明智地規定,即使那點微乎其微的權力,經過很短一段時間后,就必須收回到他們自己手中。

由于人民保持他們的純正和警惕,任何行政當局,在短短的四年之中,也不可能用極其惡劣或愚蠢的行為對這個政府造成嚴重的損害。

我的同胞們,請大家對這整個問題平心靜氣地好好想一想,真正有價值的東西是不會因從容從事而喪失的。如果有個什么目標使你迫不及待地要取得它,你采取的步驟是在審慎考慮的

情況下不會采取的,那個目標的確可能會由于你的從容不迫而達不到;但一個真正好的自標是不會因為從容從事而失去的。你們中現在感到不滿的人,仍然必須遵守原封未動的老憲法,新個敏感的問題上,仍然有根據憲法制訂的法律;而對此二者,新政府即使想要加以改變,它自身也立即無此權力。即使承認你們那些心懷不滿的人在這一爭執中站在正確的一邊,那也絲毫沒有正當的理由要采取貿然行動。明智、愛國主義、基督教精神,以及對從未拋棄過這片得天獨厚的土地的上帝的依賴,仍然完全能夠以最理想的方式來解決我們當前的一切困難。

決定內戰這個重大問題的是你們,我的心懷不滿的同胞們,而并非決定于我。政府決不會攻擊你們。只要你們自己不當侵略者,就不會發生沖突。你們并沒有對天發誓必須毀滅這個政

府,而我卻曾無比莊嚴地宣誓,一定要“保持、保護和保衛”這個政府。

我真不想就此結束我的講話,我們不是敵人,而是朋友。我們決不能成為敵人。盡管目前的情緒有些緊張,但決不能容許它使我們之間的親密情感紐帶破裂?;貞浀纳衩厍傧?,在整個這片遼闊的土地上,從每一個戰場,每一個愛國志士的墳墓,延伸到每一顆跳動的心和每一個家庭,它有一天會被我們的良知所觸動,再次奏出聯邦合唱曲。

5 第二任就職演說Second Inaugural Address

亞伯拉罕.林肯(ABRAHAM LINCOLN)

在這第二任的就職宣誓典禮中,并不需要像第一任就職時那樣發表長篇演說。那時,對當時所要采取的方針政策多少作一些詳細說明,似乎是適當的?,F在四年任期屆滿,在這期間于戰爭的每個重要時刻和階段──這場戰爭至今仍為舉國所關注、并且占用了國家的大部分力量──我都經常發布文告,所以現在也提不出什么新的主張。我們的軍事進展,是一切其它問題的關鍵所在,大家對其情形和我一樣明了,而且我相信進展的情況可以使我們全體人民有理由感到滿意和鼓舞。既然將來很有希望,那么我也無須在這方面作什么預言了。 四年前,在與此相同的時刻,所有人的思想都焦慮地集中在一場即將來臨的內戰上。誰都害怕內戰,都想盡辦法去避免它。當我在這個地方作就職演說時,我曾想盡量不訴諸戰爭而保存聯邦,然而反叛分子的代理人卻設法在這個城市里以不打仗的方式(推毀聯邦──他們力圖以談判的方式來瓦解聯邦,分享財物。雙方都聲稱反對戰爭,可是有一方寧愿打仗而不愿讓國家生存,另一方則寧可接受戰爭而不愿讓國家滅亡,于是戰爭就來臨了。 我們全國人口的八分之一是黑奴,他們并不是遍布于全國,而是局部地分布于南方。這些奴隸形成一種特殊而重大的利益。大家都知道這種利益可說是這場戰爭的原因。為了加強、永久保持并擴大這種利益,反叛分子會不惜以戰爭來分裂聯邦,而政府只不過要限制這種利益的地區擴張。當初,任何一方都沒有想到戰爭會發展到目前這么大的范圍,持續這么長的時問,也沒有料到沖突的原因會隨沖突本身終止而終止,甚至會在沖突本身終止以前而終止。雙方都在尋求一個較輕易的勝利,都不期盼有什么帶根本性的或驚人的結果。雙方都誦讀同樣的圣經,向同一個上帝祈禱,甚至每一方都祈求同一個上帝的幫助以反對另一方。人們竟敢要求公正的上帝來幫助他們奪取他人以血汗換來的面包,這看來似乎很奇怪??墒?,我們還是別評判人家,以免別人來評判我們。雙方的祈禱都無法如愿,而且從沒全部如愿以償。萬能的上帝自有他自己的意旨:“世界由于罪惡而受苦難,因為世界總是有罪惡的,然而那個作惡的人,要受苦難。”假如我們認為美國的奴隸制是這種罪惡之一,而這些罪惡按上帝的意志又在所不免,但既經持續了他所指定的一段時間,他現在便要消除這些罪惡。假如我們認為上帝把這場慘烈的戰爭加在南北雙方的頭上,作為對那些作惡的人的責罰,難道我們可以由此認為這有悖于虔奉上帝的信徒們所歸諸上帝的那些圣德嗎?我們殷切地希塑,熱忱地祈禱,但愿這戰爭的重罰會很快過去??墒?,假使上帝要讓戰爭再繼續下去,直到二百五十年來奴隸無償勞動所積聚的財富化為烏有,并像三千年前人們所說的那樣,直至被鞭苔所流的每一滴血為刀劍下流的每一滴血所償付為止,那么,我也只好說:“主的裁判是完全正確而公道的。”

我們對任何人都不懷惡意,我們對任何人都抱好感。上帝讓我們看到哪一邊是正確的,我們就堅信那正確的一邊。讓我們繼續奮斗,以完成我們正在進行的工作,去治療國家的創傷,去照顧艱苦作戰的戰士和他們的遺孀遺孤,盡一切努力實現并維護我們自己之間以及我國與他國之間的公正和持久的和平。

蓋茲堡獻儀演說--亞.林肯1863年

距進八十七年以前,我們的先輩在這個大陸之上曾經締造了一個新的國家,這個國家孕育于自由,并以人人生而平等之主張為其奮斗宗旨。目前,我們正在進行一場偉大的國內戰爭,其結果必將表明,一個如此孕育與如此奮斗而建成的國家(乃至任何這類的國家),是否能夠運作久長。我們今天集會的地方就是這場戰爭中的偉大戰場,而我們來此則是為向那為國捐生因而國賴以存的烈士英靈,恭行獻土之儀;從中辟地一方,以為他們殮骨歸骸之所。我們這樣做乃是完全必要,完全恰當的。但是,從一種更深廣的意義來講,我們卻又深感這種獻儀的不足,崇仰的不足,至于為墓地增光,就更說不上。一切曾經在這里奮戰過的英勇的人們,不論是生者死者,他們所作的奉獻之大,遠遠不是我們所能妄加損益。世人對我們

6 在這里所說的種種,未必會給予注意,或者很快忘記,但對他們所成就的一切,卻將永志不忘。對于我們生者來說,有所報效,似更應奮力于他們一向堅貞以赴、多所推進的事業,奮力于留待我們去完成建樹的偉績殊勛;誠能這樣,我們必將更能從英魂那里汲引壯志,奮發忠誠,而他們正是為了我們的事業而肝腦涂地,竭盡忠誠;這樣,我們必將益發堅信這些死者之不枉犧牲,這樣,這個國家,上帝之鑒,必將在自由上重獲新生,而這樣,一個民有,民治與民享的政府必將在世界上永遠立于不敗之地。

That we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the people ,for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

主耶穌基督欣賞“簡單”之美。

寧可住在房頂的角上,不在寬闊的房屋,與爭吵的婦人同住。

你要盡心、盡性、盡意、盡力愛主你的神。其次,就是說,要愛人如己。

救恩的得著,簡單的法門,只要“信”。雖然救恩的設立,是一道復雜的過程,但神費盡心思,把救恩的得著,簡化成一個“信”字。

——所羅門

第五篇:完整的林肯就職演說

First Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln

MONDAY, MARCH 4, 1861

Fellow-Citizens of the United States:

In compliance with a custom as old as the Government itself, I appear before you to address you briefly and to take in your presence the oath prescribed by the Constitution of the United States to be taken by the President before he enters on the execution of this office."

I do not consider it necessary at present for me to discuss those matters of administration about which there is no special anxiety or excitement.

Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States that by the accession of a Republican Administration their property and their peace and personal security are to be endangered. There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed and been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that--

I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.

Those who nominated and elected me did so with full knowledge that I had made this and many similar declarations and had never recanted them; and more than this, they placed in the platform for my acceptance, and as a law to themselves and to me, the clear and emphatic resolution which I now read:

Resolved, That the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the States, and especially the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively, is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our political fabric depend; and we denounce the lawless invasion by armed force of the soil of any State or Territory, no matter what pretext, as among the gravest of crimes.

I now reiterate these sentiments, and in doing so I only press upon the public attention the most conclusive evidence of which the case is susceptible that the property, peace, and security of no section are to be in any wise endangered by the now incoming Administration. I add, too, that all the protection which, consistently with the Constitution and the laws, can be given will be cheerfully

given to all the States when lawfully demanded, for whatever cause--as cheerfully to one section as to another.

There is much controversy about the delivering up of fugitives from service or labor. The clause I now read is as plainly written in the Constitution as any other of its provisions:

No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law or regulation therein be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.

It is scarcely questioned that this provision was intended by those who made it for the reclaiming of what we call fugitive slaves; and the intention of the lawgiver is the law. All members of Congress swear their support to the whole Constitution--to this provision as much as to any other. To the proposition, then, that slaves whose cases come within the terms of this clause "shall be delivered up" their oaths are unanimous. Now, if they would make the effort in good temper, could they not with nearly equal unanimity frame and pass a law by means of which to keep good that unanimous oath?

There is some difference of opinion whether this clause should be enforced by national or by State authority, but surely that difference is not a very material one. If the slave is to be surrendered, it can be of but little consequence to him or to others by which authority it is done. And should anyone in any case be content that his oath shall go unkept on a merely unsubstantial controversy as to how it shall be kept?

Again: In any law upon this subject ought not all the safeguards of liberty known in civilized and humane jurisprudence to be introduced, so that a free man be not in any case surrendered as a slave? And might it not be well at the same time to provide by law for the enforcement of that clause in the Constitution which guarantees that "the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States"?

I take the official oath to-day with no mental reservations and with no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by any hypercritical rules; and while I do not choose now to specify particular acts of Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest that it will be much safer for all, both in official and private stations, to conform to and abide by all those acts which stand unrepealed 4

than to violate any of them trusting to find impunity in having them held to be unconstitutional.

It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of a President under our National Constitution. During that period fifteen different and greatly distinguished citizens have in succession administered the executive branch of the Government. They have conducted it through many perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with all this scope of precedent, I now enter upon the same task for the brief constitutional term of four years under great and peculiar difficulty. A disruption of the Federal Union, heretofore only menaced, is now formidably attempted.

I hold that in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution the Union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments. It is safe to assert that no government proper ever had a provision in its organic law for its own termination. Continue to execute all the express provisions of our National Constitution, and the Union will endure forever, it being impossible to destroy it except by some action not provided for in the instrument itself.

Again: If the United States be not a government proper, but an association of States in the nature of contract merely, can it, as

acontract, be peaceably unmade by less than all the parties who made it? One party to a contract may violate it--break it, so to speak--but does it not require all to lawfully rescind it?

Descending from these general principles, we find the proposition that in legal contemplation the Union is perpetual confirmed by the history of the Union itself. The Union is much older than the Constitution. It was formed, in fact, by the Articles of Association in 1774. It was matured and continued by the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was further matured, and the faith of all the then thirteen States expressly plighted and engaged that it should be perpetual, by the Articles of Confederation in 1778. And finally, in 1787, one of the declared objects for ordaining and establishing the Constitution was "to form a more perfect Union."

But if destruction of the Union by one or by a part only of the States be lawfully possible, the Union is less perfect than before the Constitution, having lost the vital element of perpetuity.

It follows from these views that no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void, and that acts of violence 6

within any State or States against the authority of the United States are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to circumstances.

I therefore consider that in view of the Constitution and the laws the Union is unbroken, and to the extent of my ability, I shall take care, as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that the laws of the Union be faithfully executed in all the States. Doing this I deem to be only a simple duty on my part, and Ishall perform it so far as practicable unless my rightful masters, the American people, shall withhold the requisite means or in some authoritative manner direct the contrary. I trust this will not be regarded as a menace, but only as the declared purpose of the Union that it will constitutionally defend and maintain itself.

In doing this there needs to be no bloodshed or violence, and there shall be none unless it be forced upon the national authority. The power confided to me will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the Government and to collect the duties and imposts; but beyond what may be necessary for these objects, there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere. Where hostility to the United States in any interior locality shall be so great and universal as to prevent competent resident citizens from holding the Federal offices, there

will be no attempt to force obnoxious strangers among the people for that object. While the strict legal right may exist in the Government to enforce the exercise of these offices, the attempt to do so would be so irritating and so nearly impracticable withal that I deem it better to forego for the time the uses of such offices.

The mails, unless repelled, will continue to be furnished in all parts of the Union. So far as possible the people everywhere shall have that sense of perfect security which is most favorable to calm thought and reflection. The course here indicated will be followed unless current events and experience shall show a modification or change to be proper, and in every case and exigency my best discretion will be exercised, according to circumstances actually existing and with a view and a hope of a peaceful solution of the national troubles and the restoration of fraternal sympathies and affections.

That there are persons in one section or another who seek to destroy the Union at all events and are glad of any pretext to do it I will neither affirm nor deny; but if there be such, I need address no word to them. To those, however, who really love the Union may I not speak?

Before entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of our national fabric, with all its benefits, its memories, and its hopes, would it not be wise to ascertain precisely why we do it? Will you hazard so desperate a step while there is any possibility that any portion of the ills you fly from have no real existence? Will you, while the certain ills you fly to are greater than all the real ones you fly from, will you risk the commission of so fearful a mistake?

All profess to be content in the Union if all constitutional rights can be maintained. Is it true, then, that any right plainly written in the Constitution has been denied? I think not. Happily, the human mind is so constituted that no party can reach to the audacity of doing this. Think, if you can, of a single instance in which a plainly written provision of the Constitution has ever been denied. If by the mere force of numbers a majority should deprive a minority of any clearly written constitutional right, it might in a moral point of view justify revolution; certainly would if such right were a vital one. But such is not our case. All the vital rights of minorities and of individuals are so plainly assured to them by affirmations and negations, guaranties and prohibitions, in the Constitution that controversies never arise concerning them. But no organic law can ever be framed with a provision specifically applicable to every question which may occur in practical administration. No foresight

can anticipate nor any document of reasonable length contain express provisions for all possible questions. Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered by national or by State authority? The Constitution does not expressly say. May Congress prohibit slavery in the Territories? The Constitution does not expressly say. Must Congress protect slavery in the Territories? The Constitution does not expressly say.

From questions of this class spring all our constitutional controversies, and we divide upon them into majorities and minorities. If the minority will not acquiesce, the majority must, or the Government must cease. There is no other alternative, for continuing the Government is acquiescence on one side or the other. If a minority in such case will secede rather than acquiesce, they make a precedent which in turn will divide and ruin them, for a minority of their own will secede from them whenever a majority refuses to be controlled by such minority. For instance, why may not any portion of a new confederacy a year or two hence arbitrarily secede again, precisely as portions of the present Union now claim to secede from it? All who cherish disunion sentiments are now being educated to the exact temper of doing this.

Is there such perfect identity of interests among the States to compose a new union as to produce harmony only and prevent renewed secession?

Plainly the central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy. A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoever rejects it does of necessity fly to anarchy or to despotism. Unanimity is impossible. The rule of a minority, as a permanent arrangement, is wholly inadmissible; so that, rejecting the majority principle, anarchy or despotism in some form is all that is left.

I do not forget the position assumed by some that constitutional questions are to be decided by the Supreme Court, nor do I deny that such decisions must be binding in any case upon the parties to a suit as to the object of that suit, while they are also entitled to very high respect and consideration in all parallel cases by all other departments of the Government. And while it is obviously possible that such decision may be erroneous in any given case, still the evil effect following it, being limited to that particular case, with the chance that it may be overruled and never become a precedent for other cases, can better be borne than could the evils of a different

practice. At the same time, the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court, the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers, having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal. Nor is there in this view any assault upon the court or the judges. It is a duty from which they may not shrink to decide cases properly brought before them, and it is no fault of theirs if others seek to turn their decisions to political purposes.

One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute. The fugitive- slave clause of the Constitution and the law for the suppression of the foreign slave trade are each as well enforced, perhaps, as any law can ever be in a community where the moral sense of the people imperfectly supports the law itself. The great body of the people abide by the dry legal obligation in both cases, and a few break over in each. This, I think, can not be perfectly cured, and it would be worse in both cases after the separation of the sections than before. The foreign slave trade, now imperfectly suppressed, would be

ultimately revived without restriction in one section, while fugitive slaves, now only partially surrendered, would not be surrendered at all by the other.

Physically speaking, we can not separate. We can not remove our respective sections from each other nor build an impassable wall between them. A husband and wife may be divorced and go out of the presence and beyond the reach of each other, but the different parts of our country can not do this. They can not but remain face to face, and intercourse, either amicable or hostile, must continue between them. Is it possible, then, to make that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory after separation than before? Can aliens make treaties easier than friends can make laws? Can treaties be more faithfully enforced between aliens than laws can among friends? Suppose you go to war, you can not fight always; and when, after much loss on both sides and no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identical old questions, as to terms of intercourse, are again upon you.

This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing Government, they can exercise their constitutional right of amending it or their revolutionary right to dismember or overthrow it. I can

not be ignorant of the fact that many worthy and patriotic citizens are desirous of having the National Constitution amended. While I make no recommendation of amendments, I fully recognize the rightful authority of the people over the whole subject, to be exercised in either of the modes prescribed in the instrument itself; and I should, under existing circumstances, favor rather than oppose a fair opportunity being afforded the people to act upon it. I will venture to add that to me the convention mode seems preferable, in that it allows amendments to originate with the people themselves, instead of only permitting them to take or reject propositions originated by others, not especially chosen for the purpose, and which might not be precisely such as they would wish to either accept or refuse. I understand a proposed amendment to the Constitution--which amendment, however, I have not seen--has passed Congress, to the effect that the Federal Government shall never interfere with the domestic institutions of the States, including that of persons held to service. To avoid misconstruction of what I have said, I depart from my purpose not to speak of particular amendments so far as to say that, holding such a provision to now be implied constitutional law, I have no objection to its being made express and irrevocable.

The Chief Magistrate derives all his authority from the people, and they have referred none upon him to fix terms for the separation of the States. The people themselves can do this if also they choose, but the Executive as such has nothing to do with it. His duty is to administer the present Government as it came to his hands and to transmit it unimpaired by him to his successor.

Why should there not be a patient confidence in the ultimate justice of the people? Is there any better or equal hope in the world? In our present differences, is either party without faith of being in the right? If the Almighty Ruler of Nations, with His eternal truth and justice, be on your side of the North, or on yours of the South, that truth and that justice will surely prevail by the judgment of this great tribunal of the American people.

By the frame of the Government under which we live this same people have wisely given their public servants but little power for mischief, and have with equal wisdom provided for the return of that little to their own hands at very short intervals. While the people retain their virtue and vigilance no Administration by any extreme of wickedness or folly can very seriously injure the Government in the short space of four years.

My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and well upon this whole subject. Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time. If there be an object to hurry any of you in hot haste to a step which you would never take deliberately, that object will be frustrated by taking time; but no good object can be frustrated by it. Such of you as are now dissatisfied still have the old Constitution unimpaired, and, on the sensitive point, the laws of your own framing under it; while the new Administration will have no immediate power, if it would, to change either. If it were admitted that you who are dissatisfied hold the right side in the dispute, there still is no single good reason for precipitate action. Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, and a firm reliance on Him who has never yet forsaken this favored land are still competent to adjust in the best way all our present difficulty.

In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it."

I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break

our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. 永久聯邦與總統權力 亞伯拉罕-林肯 第一次就職演講

星期一,1861年3月4日

我今天正式宣誓時,并沒有保留意見,也無意以任何苛刻的標準來解釋憲法和法律,盡管我不想具體指明國會通過的哪些法案是適合施行的•但我確實要建議,所有的人,不論處于官方還是私人的地位,都得遵守那些未被廢止的法令,這比泰然自若地認為其中某個法案是違背憲法的而去觸犯它,要穩當得多。

自從第一任總統根據我國憲法就職以來已經72年了。在此期間,有15位十分杰出的公民相繼主持了政府的行政部門。他們在許多艱難險阻中履行職責,大致說來都很成功。然而,雖有這樣的先例,我現在開始擔任這個按憲法規定任期只有短暫4年的同一職務時,卻處 17

在巨大而特殊的困難之下。聯邦的分裂,在此以前只是一種威脅,現在卻已成為可怕的行動。

從一般法律和憲法角度來考慮,我認為由各州組成的聯邦是永久性的。在合國政府的根本法中,永久性即使沒有明確規定,也是不盲而喻的。我們有把握說,從來沒有哪個正規政府在自己的組織法中列入一項要結束自己執政的條款。繼續執行我國憲法明文規定的條款,聯邦就將永遠存在,毀滅聯邦是辦不到的,除非采取憲法本身未予規定的某種行動。再者:假如合眾國不是名副其實的政府,而只是具有契約性質的各州的聯盟,那么,作為一種契約,這個聯盟能夠毫無爭議地由緯約各方中的少數加以取消嗎?締約的一方可以違約——也可以說毀約——但是,合法地廢止契約難道不需要締約各方全都同意嗎?從這些一般原則在下推,我們認為,從法律上來說,聯邦是永久性的這一主張已經為聯邦本身的歷史所證實。聯邦的歷史比憲法長久得多。事實上,它在1774年就根據《聯合條款》組成了。1776年,《獨立宣言》使它臻子成熟并持續下來。1778年《邦聯條款》使聯邦愈趨成熟,當時的13個州都信誓旦旦地明確保證聯邦應該永存,最后,1787年制定憲法時所宣市的日標之一就是“建設更完善的聯邦”。

但是,如果聯邦竟能由一個州或幾個州按照法律加以取消的話,那么聯邦就不如制憲前完善了,因為它喪失了永久性這個重要因素。

根據這些觀點,任何一個州都不能只憑自己的動儀就能合法地脫離聯邦;凡為此目的而作出的決議和法令在法律上都是無效的,任何一個州或幾個州反對合眾國當局的暴力行動都應根據憎況視為叛亂或革命。因此,我認為,根據憲法和法律,聯邦是不容分裂的;我將按憲法本身明確授予我的權限,就自己能力所及,使聯邦法律得以在各州忠實執行。我認為這僅僅是我份內的職責,我將以可行的方法去完成,除非我的合法主人——美國人民,不給予我必要的手段,或以權威的方式作出相反的指示,我相信大家下會把這看作是一種威脅,而只看作是聯邦已宣布過的目標:它將按照憲法保衛和維護它自身。

以自然條件而言,我們是不能分開的,我們無法把各個地區彼此挪開,也無法在彼此之間筑起一堵無法逾越的墻垣。夫妻可以離婚,不再見面,互不接觸,但是我們國家的各個地區就不可能那樣做。它們仍得面對面地相處,它們之間還得有或者友好或者敵對的交往。那么,分開之后的交往是否可能比分開之前更有好處,更令人滿意呢?外人之間訂立條約難道還比朋友之間制定法律容易嗎?外人之間執行條約難道還比朋友之間執行法律忠實嗎?假定你們進行戰爭•你們不可能永遠打下去;在雙方損失慘重,任何一方都得不到好處之后,你們就會停止戰斗,那時你們還會遇到諸如交往條件之類的老問題。

總統的一切權力來自人民,但人民沒有授權給他為各州的分離規定條件。如果人民有此意愿,那他們可以這樣做,而作為總統來說, 19

則不可能這樣做。他的責任是管理交給他的這一屆政府,井將它完整地移交給他的繼任者。

為什么我們不能對人民所具有的最高的公正抱有堅韌的信念呢?世界上還有比這更好或一樣好的希望嗎?在我何日前的分歧中,難道雙方都缺乏相信自己正確的信心嗎?如果萬國全能的主宰以其永恒的真理和正義支持你北方這一邊,或者支持你南方這一邊,那么,那種真理和那種正義必將通過美國人民這個偉大法庭的裁決而取得勝利。

就是這些美國人民,通過我們現有的政府結構,明智地只給他們的公仆很小的權力,使他們不能力害作惡,并且同樣明智地每隔很短的時間就把那小小的權力收回到自己手中。只要人民保持其力量和警惕,無論怎樣作惡和愚蠢的執政人員都不能在短短4年的任期內十分嚴重地損害政府。我的同胞們,大家平靜而認真地思考整個這一問題吧。任何寶貴的東西都下會因為從容對待而喪失,假使有一個目標火急地催促你們中隨便哪一位采取一個措施,而你決不能不慌不忙,那么那個目標會因從容對待而落空;但是,任何好的目標是不會因為從容對待而落空的,你們現在感到不滿意的人仍然有著原來的、完好元損的憲法,而且,在敏感問題上,你們有著自己根據這部憲法制定的各項法律;而新的一屆政府即使想改變這兩種情況,也沒有直接的權力那樣做。那些不滿意的人在這場爭論中即使被承認是站在正確的一邊,也沒有一點正當理由采取魯莽的行動。理智、愛國精神、基行教 20

義以及對從不拋棄這片幸福土地的上帝的信仰,這些仍然能以最好的方式來解決我們目前的一切困難。不滿意的同胞們,內戰這個重大問題的關鍵掌握在你們手中,而不掌握在我手中,政府不會對你們發動攻擊。你們不當挑釁者,就下會面臨沖突。你們沒有對天發誓要毀滅政府,而我卻要立下最莊嚴的誓言:“堅守、維護和捍衛合眾國憲法。”我不愿意就此結束演說。我們不是敵人,而是朋友。我們一定不要成為敵人。盡管情緒緊張,也決不應割斷我們之間的感情紐帶。記憶的神秘琴弦,從每一個戰場和愛國志上的墳墓伸向這片廣闊土地上的每一顆跳動的心和家庭,必將再度被我們善良的夭性所撥響,那時就會高奏起聯邦大團結的樂章。

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