第一篇：第1章21世紀的供應鏈
21世紀的供應鏈管理
20世紀90年代，對于多數企業而言，產品經過加工后，通過倉庫配送到消費者手中的平均時間是15~30天，有時候甚至更長，從訂貨到發貨的過程通常包括：通過電話、傳真、電子數據交換或者公共郵件下達和傳送訂單，是用手工操作或電腦系統，運用信用授權和將訂單分配給倉庫的方法進行訂單處理。最后，將產品送到客戶手中，當一切都按計劃進行時，客戶收到訂購產品的平均時間仍讓較長。然而，一旦出現如缺貨、訂單丟失、訂單出錯或發貨地址不正確問題時，所需的總時間會更長。在實際運作中，這些情況屢見不鮮。
為了解決從訂到發貨時間過長的問題，并且為了預防突發事件，企業通常采取的方法是增加庫存。列如，零售商、批發商和制造商都持有同一種商品的庫存，然而即使擁有大量的庫存，由于產品差異大，缺貨或延遲交貨的現象仍讓很常見。
20世紀廣為使用的商業管列以及實現配送的分銷渠道，都是從工業革命時代起經過多年的經驗累積而來。這些長期保留下來的商業慣列在現階段仍然存在，并且沒有發生多大改變，這是因為沒有更好、更明確的方法代替它們，傳統分銷過程的目的在于戰勝危機，獲得利益，然而這些早已變的不在重要，因為供給不足已經不在的工業時代的特點。消費者購買力不斷增強，同時，他們對產品的種類和服務類的需求日益增加。事實上，現在消費者們更希望從大量的商品和資源中挑選出滿足自己獨特需求的那些產品。消費者們不在被動接受產品。相反，他們積極地參與到了產品或服務的設計和配送過程中。隨著運輸能力不斷增加，運輸過程的可靠性有了顯著提高，借助于精密和尖端的信息系統，現代運輸能夠實現更準確、預測精度更高的配送。
信息技術的快速發展給社會帶來了翻天覆地的變化。20世紀90年代，計算機的普及、互聯網的發展和大量廉價信息的快速傳遞給全球商業帶來了極大的影響。信息的特點是快速、準確、容易獲取、并且絕大多數與信息相關的事物都變成了準則?；ヂ摼W逐漸成為了一種實現企業與企業之間的交易(B2B)的常見而又省錢的方式。在這些推動力的驅使下全球經濟快速誕生了。
歷史學家們認為20世紀的最后10年的信息或數字時代的啟蒙階段，同時，數字時代將繼續在21世紀呈現持續發展的趨勢。在信息時代。商業之間彼此互通的本質使一種新型合作關系應運而生。及供應鏈管理。管理者們不斷改進傳統的營銷、生產制造、采購和天津物流公司慣例。企業采取了供應鏈管理這種新型的合作關系之后，能夠根據需求準確生產出產品，并快速配送到全球各地的消費者手中，天津物流系統可以確保實現產品的準時配送。消費者訂購產品和產品分類配送能在短短幾個小時內完成，以往服務中常常出現的錯誤越來越少，取而代之的是零缺陷的管理承諾或者是通常所說的六西格瑪管理。完美訂單，即按照所需的產品種類和質量要求，準時無誤的將產品配送到指定地點。并保證發貨單的正確，產品沒有損壞，這種情況在過去非常少見，而現在成為了情理之中的事情，或許這源于一個不可忽視的事實，即現在能用比過去低是多的總成本和較少的財務資源實現上述這種高水平的服務，最重要的是，所有這些商業結構和戰略上的根本性改變，全部都是來源于信息技術的不斷發展。
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第二篇：紅巖第21章讀后感1
紅巖》讀后感近期我們學校開展了紅色經典讀書活動，我早就聽媽媽說過江姐，看了《紅巖》后更是深受感動。該書講述了一群革命工作者艱苦的地下工作，通過描寫許云峰帶領工人革命、成崗辦《挺進報》，還有江姐、雙槍老太婆、劉思揚等眾多革命英雄，展現了當年共產黨革命人民的艱苦斗爭生活;謳歌了在叛徒的告密之下，許云峰、江姐、成崗等共產黨人被捕后，面對敵人的嚴刑拷打、威脅利誘毫不動搖，堅決保守黨的秘密的高尚情操。書中的很多畫面都讓我深切感受到，我們如今的幸福生活是靠當年無數位戰士用鮮血換來的。
書中江姐是我印象最深的人物，她面對敵人的折磨，手指都被特務用粗長的竹簽釘入指甲縫間，但是她非常勇敢，絕不透露一點黨的秘密，致使猩猩這些壞蛋毫無辦法。而我呢，總覺得自己是一個小女孩，平時很嬌氣，手上有一個小刮痕都要媽媽貼一個創可貼，遇到挫折和不如意的事總是動不動就哭，享受幸福的生活覺得是理所當然的。書中江姐十指滴血的形象震撼了我，令我羞愧。我從小學習鋼琴，本來父母只是希望培養我的一個愛好，讓我自己選擇學習的，但是我很喜歡學琴卻怕練琴，多練一下就嫌太累，手很疼，缺乏堅忍不拔的毅力;學習上也是，遇到點困難就想尋求幫助。
媽媽說我還小，對這本書理解還不深，我們這一代需要學習的品質還太多太多。我想，隨著我年齡的增長，將來再讀這本書，一定會懂得更多的道理，學到更多的優良品質。但我如今明白了，血染紅巖，才有了我們今天的幸福生活。我們應該珍惜現在的幸福生活，永遠不忘那些偉大的戰士，將他們銘記在心!我要以《紅巖》中的烈士們為榜樣，珍惜幸福生活，努力學習本領，將來成為一個對社會有用的人!
第三篇：高中生物第一章走近細胞1.1從生物圈到細胞學案21教案
從生物圈到細胞
[學習目標]
知識目標：
1、舉例說明生命活動建立在細胞基礎上
2、舉例說明生命系統的結構層次。 能力目標：初步學會分析生物學知識素材 情感目標：認同細胞是最基本的生命系統 [學習難點]
1、生命活動建立在細胞的基礎之上。
2、生命系統的結構層次。 [學習重點] 生命系統的結構層次 [知識結構]
課前預習
一、教材助讀
1.病毒沒有細胞結構，是怎樣生活和繁殖的?
2.是不是所有的生物都具有生命系統?請舉例說明。
3.右圖表示生命系統的結構層次大小關系，請完成 (1)寫出圖中各數字表示的結構層次名稱： ①________，②________，③________， ④________，⑤________，⑥__________。 (2)最基本的生命系統：[①]________。 (3)最大的生命系統：[⑥]__________。 (4)地球上最早的生命形式：______________。
課內探究
?探究點一 生命活動離不開細胞
問題1 草履蟲是單細胞生物還是多細胞生物?它具有生物的哪些特征?
問題2 教材P2實例1說明________________________________________________。 問題3 人類發育的起點是_____________。
問題4 新生兒發育長大是由于細胞發生了哪些變化?
問題5
教
材
P
3實
例
2說
明_________________________________________________________。 問題6 反射弧由哪幾部分組成?
問題7教材P3實例3說明________________________________________________________。 問題8
教
材
P
4實
例
4說
明_________________________________________________________。 問題9 綜
合
四
個
實
例
可
得
出
的
結
論
是_______________________________________________。 ?探究點二 生命系統的結構層次
問題10 如果把課本中圖1-1的龜換成老虎，描述其生命系統的結構層次?
問題11 如果換成一顆松樹，描述其生命系統的結構層次?
問題12 如果換成一只草履蟲，描述其生命系統的結構層次?
問題13 細胞是最基本的生命系統，請說出你的理由。
[反饋評價]
一、選擇題
1、關于細胞與生命活動關系敘述錯誤的是
( ) A、草履蟲的生命活動離不開細胞
B、病毒不具細胞結構，所以它的生命活動與細胞無關 C、細胞是生物體結構和功能基本單位
D、多細胞生物依賴高度分化的細胞密切協作，才能完成生命活動
2、下列哪種生物不是由細胞構成的 A、變形蟲 B、酵母菌
( )
C、衣藻 D、煙草花葉病毒
( )
3、一定區域內的動物、植物和微生物等全部生物構成 A、一個群落 B、一個種群
C、三個種群
D、一個生態系統
( )
4、下列選項中不屬于生命系統的結構層次的是
A、池塘里的一只青蛙
B、青蛙的表皮細胞 D、一個池塘 C、表皮細胞中的水和蛋白質
5、生物興趣小組的同學們要調查一個池塘中青蛙近幾年的個體數量變化情況。他們研究的是生命系統的 ( ) A、個體水平
B、種群水平
C、群落水平
D、生態水平
( )
6、下列實例中，屬于生物群落的是 A、海洋中的全部魚
B、一片草地里的跳蝻和蝗蟲
C、一棵枯樹和其上的苔蘚、真菌、昆蟲、蝸牛等 D、一個池塘的藻類、細菌、蚌、水生昆蟲等全部生物
7、人的結構按由小到大的結構層次是
A、細胞、系統、組織、器官 C、系統、器官、組織、細胞
( )
B、細胞、器官、組織、系統 D、細胞、組織、器官、系統
( )
8、(多選)下列有關敘述正確的有
A、一切生物的生命活動都是在細胞內或在細胞參與下完成的 B、SARS病毒沒有細胞結構也能獨立完成生命活動
C、除病毒外，一切生物體都是由細胞構成的，細胞是構成有機體的基本單位 D、單細胞生物依靠單個細胞就能完成各種生命活動，多細胞生物依靠各種分化的細胞密切合作，共同完成復雜的生命活動
9、人體胚胎發育是從下列哪項開始的
( ) A、卵巢
B、輸卵管
C、子宮
D、受精卵
( )
10、地球上最大的生態系統是
A、生物圈
B、陸地生態系統 D、森林生態系統
( ) C、海洋生態系統
11、(多選)下列關于生物群落的敘述中，正確的是
A、生物群落是由不同的種群形成的 B、生物群落具有垂直結構和水平結構 C、生物群落的生物屬于同一個物種
D、生物群落是生活在一定的自然區域內，相互之間具有直接或間接關系的各種生物的總和
12、(多選)下列屬于活細胞的是
A、精子
二、填充題
13、某科研小組分離出完整的葉肉細胞，一部分放在適宜條件下培養，能通過光合作用產生淀粉，另一部分攪碎后放在同樣的條件下培養，發現沒有產生淀粉。
(1)此科研小組研究的內容是生命系統的
(2)此實驗的結論是
水平。
。
。 B、酵母菌
( )
C、木纖維
D、胰島素
(3)生命系統中最大的層次是 ，最小的層次是
14、材料：在一陰濕山洼草叢中，有一堆長滿苔蘚的腐木，其中聚集著螞蟻、蜘蛛、老鼠等動物。
請根據材料，從生命系統的結構層次上試分析各自對應于哪個層次。 (1)腐木中的一個腐生細菌
(2)這一陰濕山洼草叢中的所有苔蘚
(3)這一陰濕山洼草叢中的苔蘚、螞蟻、蜘蛛、老鼠等生物
15、請就下面的實例，指出所屬生命系統中相應的結構層次。 血液 牙齒
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 神經元
水塘中的一群鯽魚 地球上的所有生物 一棵樹
( ) ( ) ( ) 心臟、血管和血液 一座城市
高一生物導學提綱答案
(一)
1-5 B D A C B 6-10 D D ACD D A 11-12 ABD AB 13(1)細胞 (2)細胞是生物體結構和功能的單位 (3)生物圈 細胞 14(1)個體(細胞) (2)群落 (3)群落 15 組織 器官 細胞 種群 群落 個體 系統 生物圈
第四篇：21世紀讀寫第二冊參考翻譯
Unit 1
1. When his wife died of a stroke in her sixties, the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief. Life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on.
2. Last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in London. Many people went to see it, including a few celebrated professionals.
3. When seven astronauts died in the Challenger disaster in the mid-1980s, it plunged the whole world into shock and grief.
4. After completing her second prime ministry, she remained actively involved in political affairs. She came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty.
5. After his failure in the election campaign, Dr. Smith retired to a small village, where he tried his hand at farming.
6. As long as you keep working hard all your life, you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction.
7. We must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection now, or it will soon be too late.
8. That official was removed from office for being involved in a political scandal. Had he known this would happen, he might have acted differently.
Unit 2
1. Female students constitute the majority of our class. By contrast, their class is made up of males only.
2. American kids can usually watch TV three hours a day, whereas their Chinese counterparts have to do their homework most of the time after school.
3. His development of a series of new research methods led to his huge success. He said that he owed all this to his parents’ encouragement.
4. He resented being excluded from discussions that directly concerned his future.
5. The fact that these problems are continually showing up suggests that this new device must be readjusted.
6. As one of the Asian students who have surged into the best American universities in recent years, Zhang Hua says that many of his ideas are based on the traditional Chinese philosophy.
7. To start with, it is not merely money that makes Mr. Yang work so hard. He is committed to educating the young and tries to motivate them to get ahead in life.
8. As time was running out, we drove even faster in hopes that we could make it to the airport in time.
Unit 3
1. When the temporary job came to an end, George was offered a permanent job, which he accepted at once.
2. To ensure that their joint ventures in Japan are profitable, the American companies need cultural translators even more than language translator.
3. As a cultural translator, George was eager to help the Japanese employees who came to ask his advice on a great many matters, both within and outside his field of expertise.
4. Somehow or other, George persuaded the American manager to go along with the Japanese accountant’s decision, thus smoothing over the conflict between the two.
5. Conflicts and arguments do arise at times between the American managers and their Japanese counterparts. But since both parties have the good sense to compromise, these conflicts are prevented from escalating into big emotional battles.
6. All the Japanese employees, the personnel manager included, appreciated George’s frequent help with the multitude of problems they ran into.
7. My spoken Japanese is not good enough to express myself well. Please don’t get offended if I sometimes say stupid things.
8. With a solid understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and a good mastery of English, Dr. Zhang is highly qualified to train foreign doctors who have come to China to study Chinese medicine.
Unit 4
1. Protecting children from the knowledge that they have failed is anything but beneficial to their growth and development.
2. Emerson does not think there is a world of difference between success and failure.
3. A mature person is one who is good at turning failure into success.
4. She was so obsessed with becoming a success in ice skating that she never prepared herself for the challenges of the real world.
5. He suffered a complete nervous breakdown when he learned that his company had gone bankrupt.
6. When talking about his success, Mr. Smith is very prone to exaggeration.
7. The company started by selling radios but now has branched out into selling computers as well.
8. In fact, failure is nothing to be afraid of. Once we learn how to use it, it can make a positive contribution to our growth and development.
Unit 5
1. The university offered Priscilla only a small loan and she had to come up with the rest of the
money herself.
2. With the small income from her restaurant job, Mary could barely make (both) ends meet. That’s why she had found some cleaning work to do in the apartment building where she lived.
3. In the first two semesters, she often stayed up late studying because she knew she had to get the highest GPA in her class to qualify for the scholarship.
4. Anyone who wants to find employment in/with that company must have at least a master’s degree, if not a Ph.D. Otherwise he or she will not be accepted.
5. Only if you throw yourself into your studies will you ultimately achieve your long-term goal of becoming an archaeologist.
6. In the office Beth always looked happy and had a ready smile. But deep down, she was tired of being a secretary. She wanted to do something more creative.
7. A migrant farm laborer from Mexico, my father was overjoyed when I was accepted by the University of Washington and became the first person in my family to attend college.
8. When Priscilla looked back on her years of hard struggle, she said that it was no easy job to balance work and study.
第五篇：21世紀大學英語第四冊翻譯
漢譯英短語
1.拄著拐杖lean on a stick
2.一捆臟衣服a bundle of laundry
3.逐一數出count out
4.從來沒有對...如此滿意過have never been so pleased with..
5.一個難得的人才a real find
6.準備好某物have sth.ready
7.養老院a home for the aged
8.表明了人類的頑強speak of the stubbornness of mankind
9.在超出體力極限的情況下工作work beyond the limits of one’s power
10.最多三個星期three Weeks at the mostlean on a stick
11.(某人)杳無音信
12.為..感到傷心
13.補一件襯衫
14.凹陷的嘴巴和蒼白的雙唇
15.再一次站起來
16.在..的幫助下
17.在網上聊天
18.落基山腳下一個美麗的小鎮
19.一起度過一個星期幸福的時光
20.事先提出離職
21.堅持
22.請幾天假
23.幫某人安頓下來
24.修改個人簡歷
25.亂翻某人的私人用品
26.從一開始
27.一個喜愛玩樂、愛冒險的人
28.干擾他人的生活
29.應邀去某人家中吃飯
30.一大幫傭人
31.將自己淹沒在思想的海洋中
32.喜歡巴赫的音樂
33.排滿書的書房
34.極力不走調
35.解一道分數題
36.作出惶恐的反映
37.接下去做更復雜的事情
38.驚人的正確程度
39.拍拍我的膝蓋以示鼓勵
40.匆忙站立起來
41對...有吸引力
42.每個月微薄的積蓄
43.作為重要新聞在全國見報
44.常規獎學金
45.一門心思做某事
46.為某人跑腿
47.抽出時間去做某事nothing is heard of (sb.)mourn formend a shirta sunken mouth and pale lipsstand on one’s feet againwith the help ofchat onlinea beautiful little town in the Rocky Mountains spend a blissful Weeks togethergive notice at workinsist ontake a few days off from workhelp sb. get settledrevamp one’s resumesnoop through sb.’s personal thingsfrom the beginninga fun-loving,adventurous personmess with others’ livesbe invited to dine at sb.’s homean army of servantssubmerge oneself in a sea of thoughtbe fond of Bacha book-lined studytry desperately to stay in tunework out a problem in fractionsreact in panicgo on to something more complicateda surprising degree of accuracygive me a reassuring pat on the kneecome hastily to one’s feet speak tomeagre monthly savingsmake national headlineregular scholarshipset one’s mind on doing sthdo errands for sb.get around to doing sth
48.說服某人做某事talk sb. into doing sth
49.教育某人要樂善好施teach sb. about the gift of giving
50.依次地in turn
51.增加add to
52記者招待會press conference
英譯漢
1.在堅強意志的驅動下，他終于完成了他所承擔的任務
Driven by a strong will,he eventually fulfilled the task he had undertaken
2.他許諾一到那兒就給我寫信，但至今杳無音信
He promised towrite to me as soon as he got there,but nothing has been heard of him so far
3.老板從來沒有對任何員工如此滿意過，這個年輕人確實是個難得的人才 The boss has never been so pleased with any emplpyee before.The young man is a real find
4.在醫生和護士的幫助下，病人再一次站了起來，不久便重新開始工作
With the help of the doctors and nurses,the patient was able to stand on his feet once more and soon resumed working
5.老人那張布滿皺紋的臉表明了他一輩子所忍受的苦難
The old man’s wrinkled face spoke of the hardship he had endured in his life
6.當她身體恢復了一些，她就倚在窗口，望著孩子們在草地上玩耍
When she recovered somewhat,she leaned on the Window watching the children play on the lawn
7.他沒有通過考試，但這是他自己的過錯，他從來就不用功
He failed the test but it was his own fault,he never did any work
8.她告訴我她被一個自稱(claim)為銀行家兒子的年輕人騙了
She told me she had been deceived by a young man who claimed to be the son of a banker
9.瑪麗離開了她的丈夫，因為她再也無法忍受他的殘酷無情了
Mary left her husband because she couldn’t stand his cruelty any longer
10.媽媽堅持的一點是，約翰必須做完作業才能看電視
One thing that Mom insisted on was that John finish his homework before watching any Tv programs
11.當比爾過分癡迷于網上聊天時，事情開始變了。他不再是那個初進大學時勤奮學習的學生了
When Bill became overly obsessed with online chatting,things began tochange.No longer was he the hard working student he was when he first came to college
12.我一開始就告訴過你，網上約會與實際在一起生活根本不是一回事
I told you from the beginning that there was a world of difference between online dating and actually living
13.演出結束后，觀眾們都激動地站了起來，真摯的掌聲持續了好幾分鐘
After the performance,the audience all came excitedly to their feet with genuine applause that lasted for quite a few minutes
14.看見我恐慌的樣子，女主持人安慰我說接下去指示我做的肯定是我做得到的 Seeing me in panic,the hostess reassured me taht what I was instructed to do next was something I was definitely capable of
15.整個下午他完全被一道分數題吸引住了，難怪他解出題目時欣喜萬分
He was completely absorbed by a fraction problem the whole afternoon.No wonder he was overjoyed when he finally worked the problem out
16.亨利一旦沉浸到自己的思緒當中，就跟聾子差不多。史密斯太太這樣評論道 Once Henry is submerged in his own thoughts,he’s virtually deaf. Thus remarked Mrs.Smith
17.你不覺得在我們還不能確定數據的準確性的情況下匆忙下結論是不安全的嗎 Don’t you think it’s unsafe to conclude hastily when we are not sure about the accuracy of the statistics
18.她很不自在地在鋼琴前坐下，試著彈了一個音符(note)。這是她第一次接觸樂器
She sat uneasily in front of the piano and ventured a note .It was her first time to touch a musical instrument
19.我已決定不去面試，因為招聘廣告明明白白的說只有大學畢業生才有資格干這份工作
I have decided not to go to the interview because the job advertisement has made it clear that only a college graduate is eligible for the post
20.她讓兒子每天練鋼琴?？磥?，她是鐵了心要把兒子培養成鋼琴家
She makes her son practice the piano every day .It seems that she has set her heart on making a pianist of her son
21.我小的時候喜歡給媽媽跑腿。找回的零錢我可以自己留著
When I was a child ,I enjoyed doing errands for my mother.I could keep the small change
22.他的精彩表演感染了每一個觀眾，自始至終沒有一個人發出一點聲音
His excellent performance spoke to every member of the audience.No one made any sound throughout it
23.當我最后終于有時間去醫院看他時，已經為時已晚
When I finally got around to visiting him in hospital,it was too late
24.既然他這么倔(stubborn)，我也不打算去說服他考慮我們的建議了
Since he is so stubborn ,I don’t intend to talk him into considering our suggestion either