演講稿是以明確的觀點，邏輯合理的語言，表達出一些工作或學習的觀點。在當今的生活與工作中，演講稿成為了反饋個人成長的重要方式。該怎么編寫出具有意義的演講稿呢？以下是小編整理的關于《ted演講主題訂什么好》僅供參考，希望能夠幫助到大家。
第一篇：ted演講主題訂什么好
TED演講觀后感—為什么快樂
TED—Why We Are Happy 觀后感
情緒有多種多樣，如果非要形容，一天結束我們總可以在快樂和不快樂間做出選擇。很多人都自然的把自己的情緒歸結于所經歷的事，所處的外部環境，幾乎沒人會想起我們自己才是情緒的制造者。
Doctor發現——Happiness can be synthesized 。很多人都認為natural happiness和synthesized happiness中明顯后者是次等品，因為前者是我們得到了自己本來就很渴望的事物，而后者是帶著笑容面具接受并不使自己十分滿意的事物。表面上看，或許natural happiness更勝一籌，但研究表明，synthesized happiness往往更加持久有效。
當大家產生合成快樂的時候，他們是真正的、從心中改變接受了對于這些事物的看法，同時自身審美也在原來基礎上發生了變化，只是大家沒有意識到合成的快樂在什么時候對自身產生了效果。舉個貼近大家的例子，爸爸去哪兒是最近熱播的綜藝，里面一個重要的環節就是選房子，房子本身的美丑好壞顯而易見，前幾期寶貝們總會因為選到壞房子而沮喪、苦惱、不平衡，但是經過大人們的引導，他們會漸漸發現其中擁有的“美麗”風景，可能這些本身都只是為了安慰他們的方式，但最后孩子們就會真的會去接受并喜歡上這些房子，甚至到最后幾期，他們會明顯的取選擇這些差房子。天真的寶貝們是不會去考慮節目效果或者觀眾口評的，他們選擇因為他們喜歡。所以說，很多時候美由心生。如果你總是發現身邊有太多的不滿意，不妨先抹去眼前的塵埃，懷著快樂的心情去看看周圍的風景。
Adam Smith(現代資本主義之父)曾說——人生中的悲劇與無序之源，似乎都來自于人們過高地評估某種時局，誠然，某些時局趨勢高于人們的追求，但是，不管這種追求有多大的合理性，我們都不可能因為這種癡情的追求而打破謹慎公正的法則，亦或我們未來的心(The great source of both the misery and disorders of human life seems to arise from overrating the difference between one permanent situation and another. Some of these situations may，no doubt ，deserve to be preferred to others， but none of them can deserve to be pursued with that passionate ardor which drives us to violate the rules either of prudence or of justice ， or to corrupt the future tranquility of our minds)。生活中去是存在某些事物比某些事物更有價值，我們也確實應該追求價值更高的事物，但如果我們過分地看重這兩種事物之間的區別而過分地追逐我們想要的東西的時候，很可能會因為忽略初心而變得盲目，甚至是犧牲真正有價值的東西而被畏懼所控制，從而變得謹小慎微、患得患失，當這種畏懼積累膨脹時，我們就能會變得或者魯莽大意，或者單小如鼠。當我們不是無節制的追求，我們反而可以生活得很快樂，我們可以通過選擇，或者自己產生出自己不斷追求的目標。
第二篇：TED演講素材之------1,為什么我停止觀看A片？(英文演講稿)
TED演講素材之------1，為什么我停止觀看A片?(英文演講稿) 講師：Ran Gavrieli 編輯制作：wikiejoo@163.com 僅供學習參考
I stopped watching porn for two reasons basically. The first one was that porn brought so much anger and violence into my private fantasies. These were anger and violence that were not there originally to begin with, and I did not want it for me anymore. This was not me , and I decided to just put an end to it. Easier said than done--I got it later about. The second reason was that I came to realize that only by watching porn I take part in creating a demand for filmed prostitution. Because that’s what porn really is: filmed prostitution.
Porn stands for prostitute; graphic stands for documentation. And prostitution was nobody’s childhood dream; it is always a result of trouble and distress. Now, I became aware of that gradually, when I was volunteering with men and women in prostitution, some of them victims of human traffic, serving aid in brothels, under the bridge and street corners. You don’t really need to do all that in order to understand how this mechanism of porn and prostitution works. Because porn is a genre it’s not about erotica or healthy sexual communication. It is all about male domination of women, sub-ordinance of women. Not only the sexual practice, but as a way of being, as a genderhierarchy in this world.
If we were to ask porn, how does it define something as sexual? What qualifies, what defines something as sexual? Porn would laugh in our face. What defines sexual? Whatever men find arousing----men find it arousing to choke a woman, to have a brutal sex without one touch, hug, kiss, tender caress. Well then it is sexual. It arouses men to see a woman or child cry, it is sexual. It arouses men to rape a woman; well, then it is sexual. In every mainstream porn gallery on the web, we can find the rape category side by side with the humiliation category, abuse category, crime category and so on. This is all as if this regular porn is not already filled with these motives. Even in its mildest version, the mildest version of porn, what porn is showing us like, 80%, maybe 90% of the time is actually sex with no hands involved. This is not how we authentically desire. Sorry, I’ll repeat that, i see your look. Sex with no hands involved. Okay? If you and I are not going to give up watching porn, the next thing you do watch you just notice that porn cameras have no interest in capturing any normal sexual activities such as petting, caressing, making out, touching, hugging, kissing. No. What porn cameras are into is the penetration. So normally the composition will be a man and a woman, hopefully just one, okay.So, one man and one woman. His penis is inside her. Don’t be picky. It doesn’t matter where inside. Somewhere inside. His penis is somewhere inside her, okay? And in order not to block the camera for doing this extreme close up on the penetration, he’s standing with his hands behind his back most of the time. And the woman is in this --uncomfortable position and she need to handle the penis inside her without damaging the hair or makeup or look down on her because that’s money invested and time invested in her. Without disturbing his aggressive movement and mainly without blocking the cameras, so the result is that we got two people having sex different shapes and acrobatics or something. But they’re having sex when the only body parts that actually touch each other are the penis and the part being penetrated. No hands involved. Now I talked, I don’t know, 250-300 times a year, soldiers, students, pupils.No one had ever come up to me and say, “Ran, you know that part with sex with no hands thing that was my authentic desire, like when I was 11 or 12, I never wanted to kiss or touch anybody. I was not curious about that. It was all the penetration to begin with.” No one had ever said that-before porn. After porn. In my private fantasies before watching porn, there was always a very strong narrative and the narrative was of sensuality and mutuality which means that I had always imagined what I would say to her? What would she possibly answer? What options do I have to respond? In real life it never works like I planned, but it was super important in my mind in term of arousal, the build-up, the location, the setting, where will it? What are the circumstances of me and her being alone? How will this bodily flaming between us will emerge step by step? It was super important, before porn. After making a habit out of porn, it conquers your mind and it invades your brain. And I lost my ability to imagine. Which means I found myself and I won’t be too explicit, but trying to masturbate, just closing my eyes , trying to fantasize desperately about something human and not making it because my head was bombarded with all of those images of women being violated and subordinated and forced into pretending they enjoyed diabolic sperm rituals, okay? So, this is pretty much the result. And we are all vulnerable to pornography. It’s not just young people and we should be very careful, I think, with not only what we put into our bodies in terms of food and nutrition, but with the nutrition of our mind. Because everything we watch invades us. I’ll give you a short example from non-sexual areas. I came the other night, I came back home and my beloved one was watching some cultural junk. She was watching a karaoke show audition, the one with chairs spinning. We don’t have a TV set back home, but only because it allows us to falsely present ourselves as deep and profound people. I’ve never heard of that. Master Tommy who? Angeline? We watch every cultural junk possible, okay? Not me, not her, we don’t contemplate about existence. We download stuff. And we download all cultural junk. So I am watching this 20 minutes karaoke show. It was so boring and tedious. Two minutes talking, for minutes blabbering. I lost patience after 20 minutes and I went off to take a shower and the most interesting part was in the shower. Because what I found out there was myself in my most pathetic state ever. I’m going to share it with you. I want to feel that you accept and love me, so l have to share my most pathetic moment and you have to accept it now. I don’t know until I got over myself if it took me five, seven, ten minutes to realize that I am standing under the water in the shower pondering severely what would’ve been my song for the audition? Deep and profound, mind you. I won’t be doing this Rihanna or Lady Gaga’s. I will be doing Mercedes Sosa’s Como UnPajaroLibre. I’ll be doing a cover for Bon Dylan’s Blind Willie McTell. Ain’t that deep and profound? I had to realize that I’m an idiot because I have no talent for music. More than that, I never wanted to be neither a musician nor a singer or songwriter. This was never a part of my inner world of wishes, okay? But I’m a human being. What can I do? I was watching that for 20 minutes. It entered my brain for a while. So if we take this example and we just try to estimate the impact of 20 minutes of watching no matter what, how it invades our mind and conquers our wanting’s and desires. Let’s just try to imagine or I can share it with you orally what is the impact of 20 minutes of watching porn once or twice a week, nothing unmoderated? It’s overtaking. Porn is in out household, whether we want it or not and I believe that it does agree with out well-being. Because we have internet in the western world over the place almost in every cellular phone now, we’ve got 90% of 12 years-old watching porn on a regular basis. It has both an addictive effect and a paralyzing effect. It’s addictive, because it develops somewhat of a dependency on porn. Paralyzing part is because, mainly for young boys and men, porn is teaching us that as a man you are solely valued in sex by having a large penis and an eternal erection. According to porn, being a valuable sexual partner does not relate with being sexual, passionate, attentive, generous, well-coordinated. None of the above. It is all about large penis and eternal sunshine, which we don’t possess so boys become paralyzed.
If they don’t become paralyzed by watching porn, very often they turn into imitators of what they saw, which means they become aggressors. Aggressors, even when emotion is involved. There is so much sexual abuse going on nowadays within the confines of what we perceive from the outside as beautiful teenage love stories, or healthy adult relationships. Because we don’t really talk about sex, we just see it all over the place; we don’t really talk about it. So, what goes on in the confines of certain room, but these are all sexual mutations that happen. If we talk about women, it’s not only that, but young girls and women get the message not only from hardcore porn but from a porn influenced main stream culture.
Have you seen any Miley Cyrus, Lady Gaga video clips or commercials?That’s porn with clothes on. So girls get this notion that if you want to be worthy of love, first and foremost you have to be worthy of sexual desire. And now, the definition of sexual desire almost equals: be like a porn star. I work in dozens and dozens of high schools and junior highs. In every single one of these schools I find girls that at a certain point agreed to be documented in an intimate situation because they wanted to please some guy that they had feelings for. This guy misappropriated their trust. Always the same story. So he sells it on WhatsApp application or on the web, on the internet. Normally nobody even addresses him in terms of moral. But it is always girls that suffer from shaming and mortification. They can change the school, they drop out normally. Change city, move to another city and still be haunted on social networks. They develop clinical depressions, severe eating disorders, as if we don’t have enough reasons in our culture to develop eating disorders. They become so isolated socially. So some of them like Amanda Todd, rest in peace, some of them actually commit suicide, becausethey find no more value in life or in themselves.
So, porn is not only in our house. It is a capital case. It is not a minor phenomenon in our society. It is a question of life and death sometimes. It is mainly a question of life and death for the people who participate in porn, because porn id not an embodiment of freedom of speech, freedom of occupation, blah-blah. No, it’s an embodiment of sex-exploitation, working side-by-side with human traffic, raping, pimping, and solicitation.
For every one porn star with a book contract of a production company, we’ve got hundreds of thousands of women and girls who do not survive out there. Literally, they just don’t make it. The sex industry just chews them up and spits them back into brothels, into hooking in the street, escorting, massage parlors, with happy or unhappy ending depends who you ask. I am not joking. This is the whole spectrum of prostitution. So, many of them do not even make it to the age of 50. I am talking about countries that the life expectancy is at 75, 76 years now. They don’t make it to the age of 50, four reasons mainly: Drugs, STD---Sexually Transmitted Diseases, being murdered by a john, a boyfriend and the fourth reason is suicide once again.
Because if you are a prostitute, on camera or off camera, you are in the situation that can we refer to as social death. We have all sat on the dinner table with people who probably consumed prostitution that have been to a brothel once, twice at least. We never sit down to the table with a prostitute, not with a declared one. That’s social death. It is not glamorous. Not at all. When I sit in the privacy of my room and watch porn, even without paying, no need to pay, it’s free. I hope you know that, if you’re still consuming. Whatever I am watching is creating a demand. Wherever there is a demand, there will be a supply. There is a correlation. If I watch pornography of black, older women, somebody is going to go out and pimp black older women. Asian minors? Somebody is already trafficking Asian minors in order to film them. Israeli women, Palestinian women, WASP, all American college girls. It’s a strong in the last few years. It’s a very upcoming category. The scum of the Earth are already out there trying to solicit and prostitute these women on camera. I stopped watching porn for my personal well-being, my intimate communication, my private erotic life, reclaiming control and responsibility over my mind. But by doing that, I actually stopped contributing to this horrible sex industry. That’s a good thing to do, I believe.
I would really like to propose that notion of physically and emotionally-safe sex. It does not mean going back to be conservative or unliberated sexually. I am all for sexual freedom. It just means that we need to put gender hierarchy aside, subordinance aside. And bring back in, let’s just say, laughter as a critical method for intimacy. Two souls, two humans, two souls alone in private, can they please have a laugh together? I don’t care whether they know each other for a decade or for an hour. If two souls alone in a room do not manage to have a laugh together, what good could possibly grow their sexual and non-sexual? That’s emotionally safe sex. I’ve got so many things I want to share with you but I feel like my time is almost up. So I just really want to ask for us to speak about these issues more, because I strongly feel that our history of silence never did us many good----silence only perpetuates more silence, while talking normally gives birth to more talking, more sharing, more identification, more awareness, more change. A small change, we have a small humble life. But a real change, a true one, emotionally safer. Thank you for listening……
第三篇：ted演講
CARL AZUZ, CNN ANCHOR: Hello and welcome to the September 19th edition of - come on, Friday`s are awesome. You wanted to hear it, I wanted to say
it. It`s good to have you watching CNN STUDENT NEWS. First up, Scotland, home to more than 5 million people, about the size of South Carolina.
Scots have contributed world-changing inventions related to bicycle tires, penicillin, television. Yesterday, they decided on a potentially nation
altering question: should Scotland be an independent country? The polls were closed when we produced this show, the vote was over. But it was
expected to be very close, and we don`t have results for you yet.
For the latest, teachers please visit cnn.com. We do have an excellent fact-filled look at how Scotland came to be the division of the United
Kingdom that it has been for the past 307 years.
BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: What we know as modern Scotland was formed in the 13 century when England and Scotland signed the treaty of York. Mapping out
Scotland southern border.
60 years later, the countries were at war, with the legendary Scottish rebel William Wallace helping to lead the charge. Wallace`s fight for
freedom was a subject of Hollywood blockbuster, Brave Heart. Years of war paid off for Scotland. IN 1328, England recognized Scottish independence
in the treaty of North Hampton. In 1603, Queen Elizabeth, the last of the Tudors, died at the age of 69. And that cleared the way for King James VI
of Scotland, son of Mary, Queen of Scotts, to become England`s king, too. It was known as the union of the crowns.
Just over 100 years later, parliaments of England and Scotland passed the Acts of Union. It joined the two separate states into one. The Kingdom of
Great Britain, one parliament, one monarch.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
AZUZ: Australia used to be part of the United Kingdom, and like the U.K., it`s an ally of the U.S. in fighting the ISIS terrorist group. Yesterday
Australia`s government said it had prevented a terrorist plot on Australian soil. Two men were arrested and charged Thursday. Australian officials
say they planned to kill a member of the public, a civilian, just like ISIS has killed some of its innocent victims in Iraq and Syria.
Australia`s Sydney "Morning Herald" says, dozens of Australians are fighting overseas on the side of terrorists groups, and that more than 20
of them had returned to Australia afterward.
For that reason, plus the fact that Australia`s military is helping in the fight against ISIS, the Australian government raised its terror alert level
to high last week. That its second highest level.
Meantime, some American lawmakers are giving President Obama the go ahead for part of his plan to fight ISIS. Earlier this week, the House of
Representatives voted 273 to 156 to authorize training and weapons for rebels in Syria. The Senate was expected to approve this as well.
Syria is in the middle of a civil war. ISIS terrorists have taken over some Syrian land. The rebels that the U.S. supports are fighting both
Syria`s government and the ISIS terrorists. So, the American plan is to help these rebels defeat both. Some lawmakers don`t support arming the
rebels. They say at war torn Syria, it`s not always clear who the rebels are and who the extremists are. And that the strategy of arming rebels has
sometimes failed in the past.
We are starting out West today on the CNN STUDENT NEWS Roll Call at West Heaven, UTA. Can you bear the grizzlies? They are all over Rocky Mountain
Junior High School.
One state northeast, we`ve got Wyoming on the roll. Kelly Walsh High School in Casper, home of the Trojans. And in Thief River Falls,
Minnesota, the Prowlers are on the prowl. They are stocking CNN STUDENT NEWS from Lincoln High School.
It looks like Sarah Saldana is about to make history. She is the president`s nominee to lead the U.S. immigration and customs enforcement
agency. She`d be the first Latino ever to hold the job, if she gets it. We say if because President Obama doesn`t have the final say. The
Constitution says he has to seek the advice and consent of the Senate. As part of that, the Senate held a confirmation hearing this week to interview
Saldana. Because it went smoothly, analysts expect she`ll get the job.
One responsibility of the ICE agency is to decide which illegal immigrants get to stay in the U.S. and which are deported.
BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Decades ago, the word immigration conjured of images of boats at Ellis Island, of course, the Statue of Liberty. Today, it`s a
different story. The issue is more heated, more politicized, more complicated. Immigrants are now entering the U.S. from every corner:
Miami to Seattle, L.A. to New York, and especially along the Mexican border. We are talking more than 40 million immigrants in the United
States right now. Both legally and illegally. That`s roughly 13 percent of our population, making America the number one destination for
immigrants.
So, who are these new arrivals? Well, (INAUDIBLE), 11 million are undocumented. A number that`s increased almost year by year since 2000.
Of those who become legal residents, you`d probably get some of them are from Mexico. You`d be right, 14 percent, but you might be surprised to
find out the next two leading countries of birth for new U.S. residents: China and India. Those are the two most populated countries on the planet.
As for work, the latest labor stat show by and large, immigrant workers are in the service industry. We are talking hotels, restaurants, gas stations,
and they are making a lot less than U.S.-born workers, about 160 bucks less per week.
So, regardless of how you feel on the issue, there is no doubt immigrants are here to stay and they play a huge role in the American economy every
day.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
AZUZ: Beyond all of the benefits of listening to music or creating it, it`s been shown to help heal certain brain injuries and decrease anxiety.
Today`s character study`s about a musician who believes music is medicine for the mind. His work has helped hundreds of wounded warriors.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
ARTHUR BLOOM: Music is my earliest memory. I never decided to be a professional musician. It`s just what I`ve always done. It feels great to
play music, but it`s also a mechanism for healing.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: We were on this an early morning patrol, walking down the road. I`d never been hit by an IED before. It felt like I got hit by
a wrecking ball. I sat up, my legs were completely gone. What happens if you don`t quite get killed, and you don`t quite survive, you`re somewhere
in the middle? I was a shell of a man. Who I was was gone.
BLOOM (on camera): So, let`s take it right before the melody comes in.
(voice over): Our organization helps wounded warriors play music and recover their lives.
We match the injured troops with professional musicians who come visit at Walter Reed Medical Center and work with them on music projects. Learning
music, writing and performing.
BLOOM (on camera): We are going to try to incorporate (INAUDIBLE)
(voice over): I`m a music therapist, a musician. By injecting music into the space we can inject life.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Something survived that horrible injury in Afghanistan, and that was my ability to play the guitar.
Arthur and his program changed my outlook on what is possible.
BLOOM: Music has no stigma. The folks to work with, when they do music, there`s nothing injured about the way to do it. It`s just good music.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
AZUZ: Members of the Minnesota National Guard`s 114 Transportation Company just returned from Afghanistan. There`s some ceremony and procedure to
this. The troops stand in formation for a few moments, but a toddler just didn`t care. And that didn`t seem to bother anyone else either. After his
mother`s nine month deployment the boy decided he`d waited long enough, not long afterward everyone else got the chance to reunite with their loved
ones.
The happy homecoming brings together this Friday edition of CNN STUDENT NEWS. We hope to reunite with you next week, and if you are in a military
or you have a parent or a relative who is, thank you for your service. Have a great weekend, everyone.
第四篇：Ted演講
私有制：中國經濟奇跡的真正源泉
甚至連許多西方經濟學家都認為,中國已經找到了主要依靠國家財政與控制的繁榮之路。但是，他們大錯特錯了。
2009年3月 • 黃亞生
美國式資本主義的可信性是全球金融危機中最早的犧牲品之一。隨著雷曼兄弟銀行的破產倒閉，全世界的權威評論家一窩蜂地唱衰美國經濟理念——有限政府、最小限度的監管和對信貸的自由市場分配等。在考慮以何種模式取代沒落的美國模式時，有些人把目光轉向了中國。在中國，市場受到嚴格的監管，而金融機構則由國家控制。在經歷了華爾街的潰敗后，焦躁不安的弗朗西斯•福山在《新聞周刊》(Newsweek)上撰文指出，中國式的國家資本主義“看起來越來越有吸引力了。”《華盛頓郵報》(Washington Post)的專欄作家大衛•伊格內修斯為基于孔子思想的“新干預主義”在全球的出現而高聲歡呼;伊格內修斯引用理查德•尼克松間接稱頌經濟學家凱恩斯(John Maynard Keynes)的話說：“現在我們都中國化了。”
但是，在宣布新的中國世紀的曙光到來之前，全球的領導人和高管們需要好好再想一想，中國活力的源泉到底是什么。說到中國經濟奇跡產生的原因，獲得廣泛認可的看法——那是專家治國論的勝利，共產黨依靠國家控制的企業實現了向市場經濟的逐步轉型——從各個重要方面來講都錯了。這種標準的看法認為，企業家精神、私有財產權、金融自由化和政治改革對中國的經濟奇跡只發揮了很小的作用。但是，基于對中國政府的調查數據和中央及地方政府文件的詳細分析，我的研究結論是，財產權和私營企業是高速增長和貧困水平降低最主要的激勵因素。
我們經常讀到這樣的文章，認為漸進主義是中國成功地從馬克思主義轉型到市場經濟的關鍵因素;許多文章稱贊北京摒棄了俄羅斯式的休克療法，采用更加務實的方法，創建了良好的商業環境，讓私營企業有機地發展。這種觀點認為，通過在上世紀80年代首先進行小范圍改革，中國經濟發展的自由度和市場導向水平逐漸提高，并在90年代后期積蓄了發展動力。但事實并非如此。實際發生的情況是，上世紀80年代進行的金融自由化和私營企業的早期地方性試驗，催生了鄉鎮企業最初的蓬勃發展。正是這些早期的收獲——而并非國家主導的大規?；A設施投資和90年代的城市化——為中國奇跡奠定了真正的基礎。 盡管有許多專家將中國宏大的基礎設施項目和利用外國資金建設的嶄新工廠與印度破敗不堪的公路和微不足道的外國直接投資流進行比較，但這種觀點夸大了公共開支和外國投資對中國發展的貢獻。直到上世紀90年代后期以前，這兩種因素在中國的影響力所占比重都不大——它們的出現比80年代寬松的金融控制和最初的鄉鎮企業發展大潮要晚得多。 在上世紀80年代，中國經濟的發展要比90年代快得多，并且產生了更好的社會效益：貧困人口下降，貧富差距縮小，而且勞動力在GDP中所占份額——衡量從經濟發展中人均獲益的指標——顯著上升。從1978年到1988年，生活水平低于中國貧困線的農村人口減少了1.5億以上。而在90年代，盡管GDP幾乎都達到了兩位數增長，并且實施了大規模
的基礎設施建設，但貧困人口數量卻只下降了6,000萬。此外，在80年代，中國經濟增長主要靠投資而不是消費驅動的程度遠不像今天這樣嚴重。
換句話說，企業資本主義與國家資本主義不同，它不僅帶來了增長，而且還對增長所帶來的利益進行了廣泛的分配。企業主義(Entrepreneurialism)既充滿活力，又符合社會道德。
西方媒體總愛把像北京、上海和深圳這樣的大城市稱頌為生機勃勃的發展中心(見圖表)。而中國的農村地區，即使被提到，也通常被形容為貧困的窮鄉僻壤。但是，只要對經濟數據進行仔細分析，就會發現，對中國現代化城市高樓大廈的這些令人震撼的描述完全是一種誤導：事實上，中國的農村才具有最大的經濟活力，而政府的強勢干預已經窒息了中心城市的企業家精神和所有權。
后一種觀點的重要性無論怎樣強調都不過分。中國資本主義的發展歷史事實上大部分都可以被描述為兩個中國的斗爭：由市場推動的、富有企業家精神的農村與由國家主導的城市之間的斗爭。無論何時何地，只要中國農村占據優勢地位，中國的資本主義就是企業式的、獨立于政治的，并且是充滿競爭活力的。無論何時何地，只要中國城市占據主導地位，中國的資本主義就會朝著依賴于政治和國家集權的方向發展。
上海是中國城市發展最顯著的象征，其現代化的摩天大樓、外國奢侈品商店和全國最高的人均GDP使其成為中國的模范城市——一個國家資本主義獲得成功的最好例證。事實果真如此嗎?采用更具有實際意義的經濟成就指標來衡量，上海的發展遠不及溫州。溫州是位于上海南邊數百英里以外一個浙江省的城市，這里是企業資本主義的一片樂土。上世紀80年代初期，使溫州聞名于世的僅僅是它那勤勞的農民。當時，在溫州的500萬居民中，城市人口還不到10%。如今，溫州是中國最具活力的城市，其數量眾多的企業主宰著歐洲的服裝市場。而相比之下，曾經是中國最早的實業家樂園的上海，如今卻很少涌現出本土企業家。
溫州的轉型幾乎完全是靠自由市場政策來實現的。早在1982年，當地官員就開始試行民間借貸、自由利率、存貸款機構的跨地區競爭，以及向私營企業提供貸款等。溫州市政府還大力保護私營企業家的財產權，并從其他諸多方面使城市更有利于企業的發展。
本土企業為民生福祉帶來了什么變化嗎?非常多。按人均GDP計，上海幾乎是溫州所在的浙江省的兩倍(難以獲得溫州人均GDP的詳細數據)。但是，如果衡量家庭收入——一般居民的實際的支出能力——這兩個地區的繁榮程度就旗鼓相當了。2006年，一個典型上海居民的家庭收入比一個典型浙江居民的家庭收入高13%，但上海居民的非工薪收入水平(如政府福利)卻幾乎是浙江居民的兩倍。兩地居民的平均勞動收入大體相當。平均來看，上海居民從經營企業中獲得的收入比浙江居民低44%，而從所擁有的資產中獲得的收入則要低34%。這就意味著：國家資本主義可以提高城市高樓大廈的樓高和GDP的統計數據，但并未提升居民的實際生活水平。
如果研究一下浙江省與其北部近鄰江蘇省的經濟狀況，這種對比就會更加清晰。這兩個省份可以進行近乎完美的比較。它們的地理條件差不多相同：都是沿海省份，江蘇位于上海北面，而浙江位于上海南面。它們還擁有相似的企業發展歷史：都對解放前上海的實業家
和企業家階層做出過重大貢獻。然而，在改革以后的若干年里，江蘇省吸引了外國投資并從公共建設工程開支中受益頗多，而浙江省卻不然。這種差異產生了令人吃驚的結果。
20年前，江蘇省比浙江省更為富庶，但如今卻比浙江窮，在每一項重要的經濟和社會福利指標上都落后于浙江。平均來看，浙江居民的資產性收入要大大高于其北方鄰省的居民，他們居住的房子更大，擁有電話、計算機、彩電、相機或汽車的比例更高。浙江的嬰兒死亡率更低，浙江人的平均預期壽命更長，識字率也更高。值得注意的是，浙江的收入不平等程度也遠遠低于江蘇。應該如何解釋浙江更勝一籌的繁榮呢?最令人信服的解釋是，在江蘇，政府對經濟干預過多，歧視本地企業而青睞外國資本;而浙江的官員則讓本土企業家擁有自由支配權，允許他們構建更大、更富有活力的本地供應鏈。
中國經濟奇跡的真正難解之處并不是其經濟如何發展，而是西方專家為何對其發展歷程的理解錯誤百出。一個原因是，這些外來旁觀者誤解了構成中國經濟體系最基本的元素之一——鄉鎮企業——的性質。一些西方最知名的經濟學家將鄉鎮企業稱為具有中國特色——具有創新意義的混合體，在政府的控制下實現了高速增長——的資本主義象征。例如，諾貝爾獎得主約瑟夫•斯蒂格里茲就稱贊鄉鎮企業為從社會主義到資本主義轉型時最常見的問題——私人投資者的資產剝離——提供了具有獨創性的解決方案1他認為，這些企業既具有公有制的形式，可以避免被掠奪，同時又能實現私營企業的高效率。
簡而言之，西方經濟學家常常認為鄉鎮企業歸鄉鎮政府所有。就在2005年，另一位諾貝爾獎得主道格拉斯•羅斯在《華爾街日報》上撰文指出，鄉鎮企業“與經濟學中的標準企業很少有相似之處” 2。但有證據表明，情況并非如此。在中國國務院1984年3月1日發布的一份政策性文件中，第一次正式提到了鄉鎮企業的名稱。該文件將它們定義為“由鄉鎮主辦的企業、由農民組成的聯合企業、其他聯合企業和個體企業。”“由鄉鎮主辦的企業”一詞指的是歸鄉鎮所有并管理的集體企業。該政策文件中提到的所有其他企業均為私營企業：個人所有的企業或有多個股東的較大型企業——都是嚴格意義上的“經濟學中的標準企業”。官方對“鄉鎮企業”一詞的使用具有非常顯著的一致性：它一直是既包括私營企業，也包括政府主辦的企業。
西方經濟學家之所以會犯錯誤，是因為他們認定該名稱涉及到所有制。但中國官方卻從地理含義上去理解它——位于鄉鎮的企業。中國農業部的記錄證明，私人擁有并管理的企業實體在鄉鎮企業中占絕大部分。在1985年到2002年期間，集體所有制企業的數量于1986年達到頂峰，為173萬家，而私營企業的數量卻迅猛增長，從大約1050萬家增加到超過2,000萬家。換句話說，在改革時期，鄉鎮企業數量的增長完全歸功于私營企業。到1990年，在改革的頭10年中，此類私營企業雇用的勞動力數量占到了鄉鎮企業雇用勞動力總數的50%，而稅后利潤則占到了58%。
對中國發展的真正源泉的思想混亂也攪亂了外國人對中國企業出現在國際市場上的理解認知。人們常說，中國為全球競爭帶來了新的企業模式，國家所有制與明智的運用政府對金融的控制相結合，創造了獨一無二的競爭力源泉。計算機制造商聯想公司就經常被贊頌為中國非傳統商業環境中的一個杰作。
但是，聯想的成功大部分要歸功于其早期便在香港注冊并在香港募集資本的能力，而香港被認為是世界上最自由的市場經濟。1984年，聯想公司從中國科學院獲得了第一筆啟
動資金，但其后所有重大投資的資金均來自于香港3。1988年，該公司從總部位于香港的中國技術公司獲得了90萬港幣(11.6萬美元)的投資，成立了合資公司，使聯想能夠將香港作為其法定的公司所在地。1993年，香港聯想公司在香港證券交易所首次公開上市，集資1,200萬美元。聯想公司是香港基于市場的金融與法律體系的成功故事，而并非中國由國家控制的金融體系的成功案例。
當中國在汲取華爾街崩潰的教訓，并準備應對全球經濟低迷之時，它可能做的最糟糕的事情莫過于去接受它已經發現了比自由市場更高效的發展模式的說法。中國經濟奇跡的真正經驗其實非常傳統——基于私有制和自由市場金融。中國的經驗為全世界提供了非常及時的提示：旨在鼓勵這些力量發展的改革的確奏效。
作者簡介：
黃亞生，麻省理工學院Sloan管理學院副教授，從事政治經濟學的教學工作，創建并管理麻省理工學院的中國和印度實驗室，該實驗室旨在幫助本土企業家提高管理技能。本文摘自其《具有中國特色的資本主義：企業精神與國家》(Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State)一書。
第五篇：TED演講
綠色未來(A Greener Future?)
大家好，我是Zach。從本周開始，我們將開展“TED演講主題介紹”系列，陸續為大家介紹TED演講的各類主題，方便大家更快地找到自己喜歡的TED演講。 眾所周知，TED剛剛創辦時的焦點是集中在Technology(科技), Entertainment(娛樂)和Design(設計)三方面。但隨著TED的成長和知名度的增加，TED演講所涵蓋的行業也越來越廣泛。為了確保讀者們不會在大量的演講中迷失了方向，TED網站貼心地將所有的演講分門別類，歸納到不同的主題中，既方便讀者們針對自己感興趣的內容有選擇地觀看演講，也便于大家觀看和某一演講相關的其他內容。
本系列的目的就是逐步地將已翻譯好的主題簡介帶給大家，并為大家推薦相關主題下的已翻譯演講、待翻譯演講和待校對演講。
本周為大家介紹的主題是–A Greener Future? 綠色未來
該主題在TED的網址是:
在TEDtoChina的網址是:
http:///themes/a_greener_future/
◎ 主題簡介
關于環境的辯論通常被定性為經濟發展和保護地球這兩種勢力間的較量。然而，大多數TED演講者堅持魚和熊掌可以兼得的觀點——只要我們在處理環境問題時足夠聰明。
阿爾·戈爾作為宣傳氣候危機的領軍人，堅持人類可以通過細微處的改進以在避免災難的同時保持經濟的活躍發展。建筑師威廉·麥克多納向人們展現了偉大設計的力量，它作用在整個文明體系上，而不僅僅是針對局部領域，并能持久地擔負起豐富的未來。馬約拉·卡特談及了她為曾陷入腐化的的紐約南布隆克斯區帶來綠色生機的工程。
愛德華·伯汀斯基關于環境損害和經濟發展的異常精致的攝影作品記錄了人類發展從未停滯的腳步。而生物學家愛德華·奧斯伯·威爾森向我們分享了他最大的心愿——人類社會團結起來保護地球上的生命。
◎ 演講者推薦
阿爾·戈爾 (Al Gore)：美國政治人物，曾于1993年至2001年間在比爾·克林頓掌政時擔任美國第四十五任副總統。其后升為一名國際上著名的環境學家，由
于在環球氣候變化與環境問題上的貢獻受到國際的肯定，因而與政府間氣候變化專門委員會共同獲得2007年度諾貝爾和平獎。
珍·古道爾 (Jane Goodall)：英國生物學家、動物行為學家和著名動物保育人士。珍·古道爾長期致力于黑猩猩的野外研究，并取得豐碩成果。她的工作糾正了許多學術界對黑猩猩這一物種長期以來的錯誤認識，揭示了許多黑猩猩社群中鮮為人知的秘密。除了對黑猩猩的研究，珍·古道爾還熱心投身于環境教育和公益事業，由她創建并管理的珍·古道爾研究會(國際珍古道爾協會)是著名民間動物保育機構，在促進黑猩猩保育、推廣動物福利、推進環境和人道主義教育等領域進行了很多卓有成效的工作，由珍·古道爾研究會創立的根與芽是目前全球最活躍的面向青年的環境教育計劃之一。由于珍·古道爾在黑猩猩研究和環境教育等領域的杰出貢獻，她在 1995年獲英國女王伊麗莎白二世榮封為皇家女爵士，在2002年獲頒聯合國和平使者。
(演講者簡介來自維基百科)
◎ 部分已翻譯演講(簡體中文)推薦：
1. 阿爾·戈爾關于避免氣候危機的演講
“此次演講流露出的幽默感和人道主義跟在他的紀錄電影”難以忽視的真相“如出一轍，戈爾闡明了15種應對氣候危機立馬有效的方法而且簡單易行，從購買混合動力產品到發明新產品替代碳排放產品，使“全球溫室效應”更加深入人心。”
2. 阿力克斯·史蒂芬看望可持續發展的未來
“阿力克斯·史蒂芬是“改變世界”(Worldchanging.com)網站的創建人，他在這個演講中指出，減低人類生態足跡在當下之意義尤為巨大，原因在于西方那一套生活方式將不能推廣到發展中國家，因為那樣將消耗大量的資源。(因為西方的那一套生活方式正逐步推廣到發展中國家，進一步加劇著資源的大量消耗。)”
3. Willie Smits 修復雨林
透過復雜的生態學，生物學家Willie Smits發掘一個重新植林的快捷方式，在婆羅洲救回了許多棲息于當地的紅毛猩猩，進而創造出一個得以修復脆弱生態系統的藍圖。
4. William McDonough 談「從搖籃到搖籃」理念
致力于環保的建筑師兼設計師 William McDonough 問，如果設計師心系所有子孫、所有物種、直到永遠，我們的建筑及產品會是什么樣子?
5. 查爾斯·摩爾：塑料充斥的海洋
查爾斯·摩爾船長是Algalita海洋研究基金會的創始人，他第一次發現了大太平洋垃圾帶——一片無邊無際漂浮著塑料垃圾的海域?，F在，他為我們講述大海面臨的日益嚴重的塑料碎片污染問題。
◎ 待校對演講(簡體中文)推薦
1. Carl Honore praises slowness
“Journalist Carl Honore believes the Western world’s emphasis on speed erodes health, productivity and quality of life. But there’s a backlash brewing, as everyday people start putting the brakes on their all-too-modern lives.”
2. Kamal Meattle on how to grow fresh air
Researcher Kamal Meattle shows how an arrangement of three common houseplants, used in specific spots in a home or office building, can result in measurably cleaner indoor air.
以上就是這個星期的TED主題介紹。希望大家能從上面的演講中有所收獲。大家也可以點擊這里的網址來查看所有該主題下演講的翻譯進度(簡體中文和繁體中文)。
如果大家對此專欄有何建議的話，歡迎大家在下面留言，或是電郵至OTP at TEDtoChina dot com
我們下期再見。